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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 6 common strategies to use to help struggling readers and students with learning disabilities?
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-Focus on Key skills
-Re-teach what hasn't been mastered -Teach in smaller chunks -Provide examples, i.e. tangibles -Provide additional practice -Use visual, kinesthetic, and tactile activities |
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What are 4 common strategies to help English learners?
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-Transfer relevant knowledge from first language (artist/artista-cognates)
-Focus on key vocabulary -Teach vocab with picture, charts, diagrams -Model |
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What are common strategies to help Advanced learners?
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-Increase the pace
-Extend the depth of instruction -Build on current skills |
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What is a balanced reading program?
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A strategic selection of what skills should be taught-more time for some skills, less for others
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What is a comprehensive reading program?
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Achieve all standards-word analysis, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, etc.
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What is systematic instruction?
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Teacher knows what skills to teach and assessment drives instruction
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What is explicit instruction?
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Teacher directed, preferably in small groups
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What type of grouping do you use for differentiated instruction?
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Whole group, small group, individualized, flexible small groups, scaffolds-temp support, guidance
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How do you teach/promote independent reading?
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Teach students to select books at their level (5 fingers test)
students' personal interest (interest inventories) I+I strategy SSR At home reading Monitor independent reading -student reading logs -student-teacher conferences |
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What are the Reading Assessment levels?
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Entry level
Progress-Monitoring Summative |
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What are alternative assessments for students with an IEP
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Give students more time
Break down in smaller chunks Change mode of delivery Give practice assessments |
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How do you interpret and use the results?
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Exceeding expectations for standard
Meeting expectations Below expectations (Keep running record) |
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How do you determine students' independent, instructional, and frustration reading levels?
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Using oral reading and graded reading passages
-Independent- Word Rec- greater than 95% AND Comp-greater than 90% -Instructional-Word rec- greater than 90% Comp- greater than 60% -Frustration- Word rec- less than 90% Comp-less than 60% |
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What is phonological awareness?
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Hear syllable and seperate words
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What is phonemic awareness?
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Hearing sounds
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What is phonics?
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Teaching sound and symbols
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What is alphabetic principle?
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Letters represent sounds
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What is a phoneme
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Meaningful sound in language
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What is phonetic alphabet and graphemes?
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letters
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What are vowels?
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Open mouth sounds from the lungs- long, short, R-controlled or L controlled
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What are consonants?
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Sounds from mouth
continuous sounds stop sounds (quick puff of air) |
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What are onsets and rimes?
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vowel and consonant sound
c at |
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What are blends?
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2-3 consonants (bl)
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What is a digraph?
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2 letters make a sound (ph)
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What is a diphthong?
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Glided sound (oi) (oy)
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How do you teach phonological awareness?
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Word awareness- "word boundaries" Tom. Tom runs. Tom runs fast.
Syllable awareness- Clap your hands Word blending- Cow+boy Syllable blending- Sis+ter |
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How do you teach Phonemic Awareness?
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Phoneme isolation- first sound in van?
Phoneme identity- same sound in fax and fit? Phoneme blending /b/ /i/ /g/ Phoneme segmentation- How many sounds in goat? what are they? |
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How do you meet the needs of struggling readers in regards to phonemic awareness?
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Focus on key skills: blending and segmenting
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How do you meet the needs of English learners in regards to phonemic awareness?
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Focus on phonemes and sequence of phonemes that do not exist in El's first language
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How do you assess phonemic awareness?
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Use the Yopp-Singer Test- Say sounds of words.
If fail: Use teacher developed tests of sound isolation, identity, blending, segmentation |
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What are concepts about print?
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Print carries meaning
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How do you teach concepts about print?
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The shared book experience (big book)
Direct, explicit teacher (morning message) |
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What is letter recognition?
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Teacher says letter, child points to it
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What is letter naming?
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Teacher points, child says letter
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What is letter formation?
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Ability to write letters
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How do you teach letter recognition?
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tactile and kinesthetic (clay, shaving cream, sand paper)
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How do you teach letter recognition so students can visually and auditorily distinguish each and similar letters?
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teach all lower case and then upper case letters
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What transfers in regards to concepts about print and letter recognition?
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book handling skills, print carries meaning, maybe directionality and some letters
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How do you assess concepts about print?
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Informal test by teacher using a picture book, paper, and crayon
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How do you assess letter recognition, letter naming, and letter formation?
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Production: Isolation and context (writing sample) i.e. journal writing
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What is word identification?
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Ability to read aloud, or decode words
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What is word recognition?
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Making a connection between the word being pronounced and its meaning
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What are the 4 word identification strategies?
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Phonic-sound it out
Sight words Structural analysis Context |
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What are the stages of spelling development?
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Pre-communicative- qqmmmllll
Semi-phonetic- bana=banana Phonetic- I liek to fly a kiet Transitional- The firefiters have to be able to clumb up the sides of bildings Conventional |
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What are the fundamentals of teaching phonics?
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Instruction should be systematic
Instruction should be direct and explicit |
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How do you teach phonics: direct and explicit
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Whole to part phonics method- sentence/word/part
Part to whole method- Part/word/sentence |
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How do you teach sight words?
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Direct, explicit: whole to part, drill and practice
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How do you meet the needs of struggling readers in regards to phonics?
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Re-teach skills
slower pace varied mode of delivery |
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How do you meet the needs of English learners in regards to phonics?
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Transfer knowlege from the 1st language
Teach explicitly sounds that do not transfer |
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How do you assess phonics?
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Decode in isolation- a list of nonsense words that students read
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What is Orthographic knowledge?
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Spelling
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What is a morpheme?
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prefix, suffix (unit of meaning)
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How do you teach structural analysis of multi-syllabic words?
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Teach prefixes, suffixes, and roots using direct whole to part instruction
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True or false: Can you divide a consonant digraph?
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False
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How do you select spelling words?
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Select appropriate words
-Orthographic patterns -High frequency words -Content area -Common need |
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What multisensory techniques can you use to teach spelling?
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Visual- write words # of times
Visual w/ color- Write certain letters in bright color Auditory- say letters/sound as they write Imagery- Draw word with box around it. Have student close their eyes, picture word, open eyes write the word. |
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How do you teach spelling to struggling readers?
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Use kinesthetic method
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How do you teach spelling to English learners?
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Focus on common English roots
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How do you teach spelling to Advanced learners?
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Latin and greek roots (dent=tooth)
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How do you assess structural analysis, syllabic analysis, and spelling?
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Structural analysis= isolation- read word aloud with pre and suffixes
Syllabic analysis= Context- read specially written paragraphs with targeted words Spelling= Writing samples, traditional tests |
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What factors disrupt fluency?
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Weak word analysis skills (stopping to frequently to decode)
Lack of familiarity with content vocab No background knowledge |
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What instructional strategy can improve all components of fluency, accuracy, rate, and prosody?
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Monitored oral reading with teacher
-Teacher models -Student practice -Teacher feedback |
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What is a strategy to build reading accuracy?
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Addtional word identification practice
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What is a strategy to build reading rate?
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Whisper reading- student reads aloud to themselves; whispering. Teacher monitors
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What is a strategy to build reading prosody?
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Phrase-cued reading- text broken into parts- helps students who read word for word
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How do you meet the needs of struggling readers and El's in regards to fluency?
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Struggling readers- monitored oral reading with teacher
EL- Modeling |
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How do you assess fluency?
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Accuracy- running record
Rate- Time child- words per minute Prosody- Appropriate response to punctuation and characterization |
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What is an effective strategy to teach the meanings of words?
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Contextual redefinition-
Worksheet- each target word appears 3 times Step 1- Write a def on your own Step 2- In groups, talk, and write a 2nd def Step 3- See the word in context, write a 3rd def Step 4- Agree on def |
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How do you meet the needs of struggling readers, El, and adv learners in regards to meanings of words?
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Struggling readers- Focus on non-technical academic lang
EL- Cognates (artist, artista) and false cognates (exit, exito) Adv Learners- Harder words |
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How do you assess vocab?
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Display word in sentence, mulitple choice of def
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What is literal comprehension?
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Answer is in the book
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What is inferential comprehension?
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Answer is in your head: make predictions
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What is evaluative comprehension?
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Answer is in your head: judging
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What is the context (the grouping) of comprehension lessons?
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Small groups, homogenous groups
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Before children read, how do you activate background knowledge?
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KWL
Picture walk |
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What is a strategy to help children read?
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Gradual release of responsibility-
1) teacher models 2) student reads a little with teacher help 3)student reads on their own |
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When children read, what strategy can you use to help them answer questions (locating answer)?
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QAR- Question Answer Relationships
Right there-answer is in book Think and search- in book Author and you- in head On my own |
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What is a good strategy to use when teaching children to focus on story structure?
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Story map- chart/ good bad news, cause and effect
Story frame- fill in the blanks |
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How do you meet the needs of struggling readers, EL, and Adv learners in regards to comprehension?
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Struggling readers- oral activites (summarize and retell, connect to personal life)
EL- Teach comp strategies Adv learners- Use more adv texts |
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How do you assess comprehension?
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QAR
Retell story Predictions |
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How do you use a graphic organizer and a study guide with an expository text?
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G.O- diagrams summarizing the main points of a chapter
Study guide- Questions that students answer |
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How do you assess comprehension of expository texts?
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Multi-level questions- QAR
Use text structures (cause and effect, problem and solution)- students fill them in |
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How do you assess comprehension of narrative texts?
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Oral and written
Making connections |
