Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Rhetoric
|
strategic use of communication, oral or written, to achieve specifiable goals. Based on probability.
|
|
|
Symbols
|
concrete representations of ideas, concepts, or other abstractions (i.e. words, pictures, signs, gestures)
|
|
|
Cooperative Art
|
brings speakers and listeners together, gets them thinking along same lines together
|
|
|
People's Art
|
works with everyday logic, changes with time from one generation to the next
|
|
|
Temporary Art
|
rhetoric is mean to be consumed, not savored, exists for purpose limited in time
|
|
|
Limited Art
|
rhetoric is only deployed when it makes a difference, humanistic in it's orientation
|
|
|
Classical Period
|
encompassed very beginnings of ancient Greeks until early Christians began study of rhetoric; grammatical- structure of one language
|
|
|
British/Continental Period
|
science was being born, psychology was coming into form (what goes on in people's brains)
|
|
|
20th Century & Beyond
|
need for social awareness, limit miscommunication, language shapes us
|
|
|
Athens
|
cultural center of Greece, highest forms of all Greek culture
|
|
|
4 considerations of oral society
|
story telling (birthplace of art of discourse), legal issues (protagonist vs. antagonist), democracy, education
|
|
|
Sophists
|
paid teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greece
|
|
|
4 parts of a socratic dialogue
|
plot, agents, reasoning, style
|
|
|
"Gorgias" by Plato
|
dialogue written by Plato that attacked rhetoric
|
|
|
"Phaedrus" by Plato
|
embraces rhetoric, good rhetorician should know truth, know nature of the audiences soul, truth will prevail
|
|
|
Kairos
|
fitness to the occasion, central Isocrates concept, principle of the opportune moment, encourages or discourages people from saying something at a particular time in a particular way
|
|
|
4 elements that make up kairos
|
place, time, culture, audience
|
|
|
3 main components to teaching public speaking
|
theory, practice, talent/natural ability
|
|
|
Periodic Sentence
|
maintain suspense throughout the sentence, you do not know full meaning of sentence until the very end; purpose: match sound-pattern expectancy to logical expectancy of members of audience
|
|
|
"Panegyricus"
|
famous example of periodic sentence, religious festival with poems were written
|
|
|
Polemic
|
speech against something
|
|
|
"Against the Sophists"
|
speech written by Isocrates against his rival teacher, origin of the 3 principles/necessary items for public speaking
|
|
|
"Antidosis"
|
speech makes civilization, oratory is an art, speech allows for institutions
|
|
|
Aristotle's definition of rhetoric
|
the faculty of discovering, in any given situation, all the available means of persuasion
|
|
|
4 functions of rhetoric according to Aristotle
|
truth, inquiry, analysis, defense
|
|
|
3 kinds of discourse
|
forensic (debating), deliberative (concern for events in the future), epidotic (ceremonial speaking, speeches of praise or blame)
|
|
|
"The Rhetoric"
|
written by a group of Aristotle's students who put together their notes, focused on discovering arguments
|
|
|
3 artistic proofs
|
logos, pathos, ethos
|
|
|
Topoi
|
Greek term for "places," common places- places you go to for arguments, can be universal or particular
|
|
|
Deductive reasoning
|
start with generally held belief, add in other information, then you can form specific conclusion
|
|
|
3 parts of rhetorical syllogism
|
major premise, minor premise, conclusion= objective argument
|
|
|
Enthymeme
|
truncated syllogism, syllogism with one of the premises or conclusion removed, tries to get audience involved
|
|
|
Inductive reasoning
|
start with smaller observations and builds up to very general conclusion; example: Sherlock Holmes
|
|
|
Pathos
|
emotional reasoning, Aristotle's focus, figuring out how emotion can be used as means of persuasion
|
|
|
3 parts of practical syllogism
|
agent (self or listeners), conditions (what's happening?), conclusion/action (results in some type of action, what you want done about conditions)= subjective argument
|
|
|
Ethos
|
credibility, what audience thinks of credibility
|
|
|
3 primary qualities of ethos
|
character (trust, generosity, justice, temperance), intelligence (perception of audience that speaker knows what he is talking about), goodwill (perception of audience that speaker has it's best interest at heart)
|
|
|
what are qualities of ethos revealed by?
|
delivery (visual, audio symbols), content (what is in the speech?), what audience sees and hears
|
|
|
Truth as a function of rhetoric
|
making truth prevail
|
|
|
Inquiry as a function of rhetoric
|
finding out what knowledge exists out there
|
|
|
Analysis as a function of rhetoric
|
looking at all sides of issue, should be able to argue other side of argument
|
|
|
Defense as a function of rhetoric
|
must be able to argue and defend your case to those attacking it
|
|
|
Stasis
|
element of logos, for invention of arguments and organization of forensic speeches
|
|
|
Gramamaticus
|
early teacher who taught spelling, grammar, reading
|
|
|
Progymnasmata
|
graded series of exercises in writing and speaking
|
|
|
Declamations
|
involved giving the speeches of someone famous as if they were your own
|
|
|
Rhetorica Ad Herrennium
|
book that focused on the nuts and bolts of rhetoric, practical approach, oldest surviving Latin manual of rhetoric
|
|
|
Invention as a canon
|
ethos, pathos, logos
|
|
|
Arrangement as a canon
|
organization; what should come first? second? why?
|
|
|
Style as a canon
|
what words do you use with certain audiences? why do we use style?
|
|
|
Memory as a canon
|
mnemonic devices, very powerful memory
|
|
|
Delivery as a canon
|
how do you intone the words that you're saying? i.e. pitch, tone. how do you move your body?
|
|
|
Suasoria
|
deliberative type of speech
|
|
|
Controversia
|
forensic type of speech
|
|
|
Second Sophistic
|
12 emperors during this period (one worse than the next)
|
|
|
Apologist as type of Christian Oratory
|
trying to convince non-believers of legitimacy of what you believe
|
|
|
Polemicist as type of Christian Oratory
|
focused on heritage
|
|
|
Preacher as type of Christian Oratory
|
modern day evangelical, actively attempting to persuade others to convert
|
|
|
Christian Epideictic as type of Christian Oratory
|
how you make the sacred common, how to take what is spirit or mystery and bring it to form of every day material
|
|
|
Paul
|
against rhetoric, well-educated, wasn't truly against rhetoric but teachings were often used by those against rhetoric
|
|
|
Cyprian
|
against rhetoric, followed "Gorgius," pointed out rhetoric was a pagan practice
|
|
|
Jerone
|
against rhetoric, first to translate bible into Latin, said speakers should use lamentation (emotion)
|
|
|
Basil
|
for rhetoric, studied Greek orators, should use logos, should use tools to help explain God's truth, can give insight on how to explain what God has revealed
|
|
|
John Chrysostom
|
for rhetoric, "golden mouth," when competing against those trained in art of rhetoric, you're at a disadvantage if you don't know how to speak in this way
|
|
|
Ambrose
|
for rhetoric, old fashioned, use whatever tools are available to get point across
|
|
|
Trivium
|
grammar, dialectic (logic, philosophy), rhetoric
|
|
|
Quadrivium
|
astronomy, arithmetic, geometry, music
|
