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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Francesco Petrarch
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He had huge interest in Ciceronian rhetoric
Expert in Roman History and culture Work on rhetoric's persuasive power An emphasis on morality and beauty – beautiful speech comes from a beautiful soul |
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Pico Della Mirandola
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15th century writer
Known as a Platonist, following Platos Greek philosophy A belief that rhetoric was closely related to magic Humans employ language to order their world, act on freedom - Power to rule |
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Laurentius Valla
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Most influential humanist scholar
Broaden the structure of proper Latin. Viewed rhetoric as the basis for all instruction Oratory mastered philosophy because it required moral/good actions in civic society |
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Juan Luis Vives
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Educated Princess Mary
Worked with Rhetorical Education Wrote De Disciplines, Rhetoricae Separated argument from rhetoric Focused on rhetorical education |
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Madame de Scudéry
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Novelist and essayist in mid 17th century
Conversation is a model for both public and private discourse Encourages women to educate self and seek changes in social status through writing |
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Rudolph Agricola
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Influenced by Humanists, so turned his attention to dialectic and rhetoric
Split Cicero’s notions of wisdom and eloquence - gave wisdom to dialectic |
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Peter Ramus
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Opposed to scholasticism & Humanism
Institutes of Dialectic: removed the study of invention from rhetoric; placed it with dialectic Arguments in Rhetoric against Quintilian: rejected the conception of the perfect orator as virtuous & eloquent |
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Argicola
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Dutch Scholar who studied law
Influenced by Italian Humanist tradition Wrote a biography on humanism's founding theorists |
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Aristotle
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Student of Plato
Studied many concepts: Analytics, Metaphysics, Ethics, Politics, and Poetics Initially continued Plato’s battle with the Sophists Taught rhetoric at the Lyceum |
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Cicero
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Most prominent orator in Ancient Rome and a prolific writer
Political outsider with intellect and rhetorical talent 58 major public addresses survive Wrote 6 books |
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Ciceros 5 Canons
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Invention: modes of discovering valid arguments
Arrangement: distribution of arguments Expression: appropriate language, study of style Memory: memorizing speeches Delivery: control of voice and body |
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Rhetoric in Rome
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A means for achieving personal success in politics
Provided a method for conducting political debates Developed verbal skills, refinement, wisdom, and accomplishment |
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Stasis
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Issues of fact: What occurred?
Issues of definition: How should we classify it? Issues of quality: What does crime qualify as? Issues of procedure/translation: Who ought to bring the action against whom? |
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Topical System
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Began as memory devices
Developed into methods for thinking through a case - Attributes of the person: reputation - Attributes of the act: performance, time, place, occasion |
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Quintilian
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Roman, rhetorical educator
Institutes of Oratory – his massive work Views rhetoric as the art of the good citizen 5 Parts of Judicial Speeches |
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Longinus
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Attributed to writing, On the Sublime
Introduces a connection between subject matter and emotional content |
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Longinus's Five Sources (qualities) of Writing:
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Vigor of mental conception
Strong and inspired emotion Artistic training Diction, figurative language Word-arrangement |
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Aristotle's Three Rhetorical Settings
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-Deliberative Oratory
-Epideictic Oratory -Forensic Oratory |
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Forensic Oratory
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Judicial Speaking
Involved accusation and defense of a citizen Courtroom pleading Concerns questions of justice rather than questions of policy |
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Epideictic Oratory
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Ceremonial speeches
- Speaking at public ceremonies -Praised citizens for accomplishments - Interested in the speaking that occurred on public occasions rather than entertainment |
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Deliberative Oratory
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Speeches presented in the legislature
Concerned politics, economics, warfare, etc. Arguably the most important, according to Aristotle |
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Aristotles 3 Rhetorical Proofs
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Logos
Pathos Ethos |
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Logos
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The study of arguments
Aristotle’s context: the study of inference making or reasoning in practical decision-making |
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PATHOS
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The study of psychology/human emotion
Aristotle’s context: emotion’s ability to affect the judgment of audiences For the goal of adjusting an audience’s emotional state to fit the nature and seriousness of the particular issue being argued |
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ETHOS
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The study of human character
Aristotle’s context: the persuasive potential of the speaker’s character or personal credibility Consists of multiple elements Intelligence, good sense, Virtue, Good will/trustworthiness, Wealth, power and “good birth” |
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Church rule
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Rhetoric is characterized as constricted and fragmented
Rhetoric necessary for interpretation, understanding, and oral exposition of the Bible Rhetoric was increasingly associated with written style |
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Scholasticism
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A closed and authoritarian approach to education
Attempted to reconcile Ancient philosophy with teachings of the Bible Rhetorical texts formed the basis of educational approaches |
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St. Augustine
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Greatest of early Church fathers
Heavily influenced by the Second Sophistic rhetoric Became a priest & later a Bishop Created De Doctrina Christiana |
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St. Augustine Rhetoric
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Sought rhetoric’s service in the truth of Christian scriptures
The Preacher’s Dilemma: -A rhetoric of God is both necessary and impossible Suggestions for the preacher -Cleanse the mind |
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De Doctrina Christiana
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Knowledge is necessary for teaching & defense of Christian gospels
Urged church to use classical rhetorical treatises Education is key – not just ornamental rhetoric |
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Martianus Capella
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A rhetorician/lawyer
Made The Seven Liberal Arts |
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The Seven Liberal Arts
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Grammar
Dialectic (logic) Rhetoric Geometry Arithmetic Astronomy Harmonics (music) |
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Boethius
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Late Roman statesman & Philosopher
Maintained as one of the most popular rhetoric manuals in the Middle Ages |
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Three Rhetorical Arts 12th & 13th Centuries
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Preaching
Letter-writing Poetry |
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Preaching
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Preaching = moral persuasion
Turns to Christ as an example Stressed use of promises, threats, examples, and reason Emphasized teaching moral conduct and religious understanding of one’s audience |
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Letter Writing
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Correspondence between the church and government officials became highly formalized
Important to civic, commercial, & clerical life Written style over oral tradition |
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Parts of a Letter
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salutatio: greeting
captatio benevoluntatiae/exordium: secured goodwill of the recipient narratio: details of the problem to be addressed petitio: specific request, demand, or announcement conclusio: simple conclusion |
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Poetry
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Focus on aesthetic rhetorical devices
-Metaphors -Arrangement of words Far fewer poetry manuals existed A focus on writing style & possibly argument |
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Neo-Aristotelian Procedures
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Selecting an artifact
Analyzing the artifact Formulating the research question Writing the Essay |
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Italian Humanism
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an educational movement made of a group of writers who mixed conservative, moral principles with a search for new education and inquiry in classical sources
An effort to educate leading families Key to social improvement and social development Immense translation took place |
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pathologia
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-affectus (recognizing a particular emotion in a listener)
-Elocutio (concern for tropes and rhetorical figures) |
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Vita Activa
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Rhetoric key to civic involvement & practical living
Rejected the antisocial contemplation Interest in the "humanizing" potential of speech |
