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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Messages that rely on verbal/nonverbal symbols that intentionally influence social Attitudes, Values, Beliefs and Actions
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Rhetoric
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-Makes important, substantive arguments about consequential matters of PUBLIC CONCERN
-Printing press and Renaissance gave rise to rhetoric in letters and pamphlets -Enlightenment it was seen as a means to debate truth -Ultimately means by which social truth is established and decisions are made |
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events, time periods, settings, audiences, authors, social attitudes... influence the construction of the message
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Context
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Herbert Wilchelns (1925)
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Distinguishes communication as field separate from English
•Separates speeches from writing (literary criticism of oratory) |
Critical Root
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Ernest Wrage (1937)
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Decreases concerns about elocution and increases interest in textualism
•Begin to study speeches from long time ago •Old speeches offer clues to understand the social ideas and attitudes of the era and rhetor |
Critical Root
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Wayland Maxfield Parrish (1954)
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“It is the responsibility of the rhetor to analyze the causes of the speech’s alleged success or failure as these are discoverable in the speech itself”
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Critical Root
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Edwin Black (1965)
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“Criticism is what critics do”
•Critics should not be confined to one method; by engaging in criticism the critic legitimizes a certain method |
Critical Root
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Toulmin Model
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Claim-Conclusion want audience to accept
Data-Evidence Warrant-Links data to claim; renders Backing Rebuttal- "unless" Qualifier- Degree of certainty/probability; attched to claim |
Toumin sought to understand how people argue in real life and set about observing closely the patterns of argument
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Critical Thinking
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Reasonable, reflective thinking hat is focused on deciding what to believe or do
-Marked by skills of classification and questioning |
Related to message analysis and rhetorical criticism
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Description
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characterization of the message under analysis
•Present the essence of the message •Investigate context •Specific circumstances •Similar circumstances/messages •Rhetor & Audience |
Critical Thinking
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Analysis
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systematic discovery, identification, and articulation of various parts of the messages and their relationship to one another
•Name parts of the message (Classical? Dramatistic? etc.) •Look for rhetorical patterns like repetition, sequencing, omission, and anomalies to those patterns |
Critical Thinking
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Interpretation
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conclusions drawn from the Analysis
•Answers “so what?” •Inferences = reasonable conclusions |
Critical Thinking
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Evaluation
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use of stated criteria to determine the merit, worth, significance or effectiveness of the rhetorical strategies in a message
•Use of adjectives |
Critical Thinking
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Political Speaking that urges to do or not do something
Concerned with Future |
Deliberative
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Aristotle's Genre
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Speaking that attacks or defends someone
Concerned with the Past; refers to things done |
Forensic
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Aristotle's Genre
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Ceremonial Speaking with praise or blame in view of things existing; useful to recall the past
Concerned with Present |
Epideictic
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Aristotle's Genre
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NeoAristotelian Criticism
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Pluralistic attitude to the history and view of an artifact or intrinsic work
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Invention
Arrangement Elocution Memory Delivery |
Canons of Rhetoric
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Cicero
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Process of selecting arguments, illustrations, facts, testimony, documents, images... to be persuasive
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Invention
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Canon of Rhetoric
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Ordering and sequencing the parts chosen at invention, that will most impact on the audience
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Arrangement
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Canon of Rhetoric
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Selecting the most appropriate vocab and phrases to make sense to the audience
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Elocution
Style |
Canon of Rhetoric
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Creation of long lasting impression and understanding of the message in the minds of audience
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Memory
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Canon of Rhetoric
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Presentation of voice and gestures for appropriate means of presenting effectively
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Delivery
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Canon of Rhetoric
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Enthymematic Argument
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Constructed from premises that have already been argued, offering degree of certainty
Kind of syllogism in which part is left unstated, invites audience to fill the missing part |
Favored by Aristotle instead of Inductive Argument which draws a universal conclusion from variety similar happenings
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Perelman's Audience
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-Focused on meaning people give to everyday argument
-People are persuaded to take a side rather than discover the truth -Persuasion is not Linear but Back-and-Forth -Universal Audience: people who are rational and competent with respect to issues addressed -People are pluralistic species with various intensity |
New Rhetoric
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Lloyd Bitzer
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developed Rhetorical Situation calling for messages to conform to context
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