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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Enthymeme
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An argument built from values, beliefs, or knowledge held in common by a speaker and an audience.
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Inventio ( invention)
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Ciceros term describing the process of coming up with the argu-ments and appeals that would make up the substance of a persuasive case.
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Aret:
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Virtue; an ability to manage ones personal affairs in an intelligent manner, and to succeed in public life. Human excellence, natural leadership ability.
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Chiasmus:
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Rhetorical device that takes its name from the reversing of elements in parallel clauses, forming an X ( chi) in the sentence.
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Dialektike:
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Dialectic, the method of investigating philosophical issues by the give and take of argument. A method of teaching that involved training students to argue either side of a case.
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Dianoia:
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True meaning, as opposed to false ( eristic) arguments.
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Dissoi logoi:
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Contradictory arguments.
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Endoxa:
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The probable premises from which dialectic began. Premises that were widely believed.
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Epideixis:
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speech prepared for a formal occasion.
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Eristic:
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Discourses power to express, to captivate, to argue, or to injure.
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Kairos:
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Rhetorics search for relative truth rather than absolute certainty; a consideration of opposite points of view, as well as attention to such factors as time and circumstances. An opportune moment or situation. Also, a sense of decorum regarding public speech.
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Logos:
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Word; argument. Also, a transcendent source of truth for Plato.
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Nomos:
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Social custom or convention; rule by agreement among the citizens.
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Physis:
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The law or rule of nature under which the strong dominate the weak.
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Protreptic:
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The possibility for persuading others to think as they think, to act as they wish them to act.
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Techne:
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A practical art, a science, or a systematic study.
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Thesmos:
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Law derived from the authority of kings.
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Demos
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The people; ordinary citizens.
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Dialectic:
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Rigorous, critical questioning.
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Doxa:
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A belief or opinion. Also, mere opinion.
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Episteme:
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True knowledge.
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Logos: ( pl. logoi)
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An account. A clear and logical explanation of a true art or techne. Word. Argument.
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Polis:
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The city state, particularly the people making up the state.
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Psyche:
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Mind or soul.
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Rhetores:
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Rhetors or orators. Those making their living and wielding power by means of persuasive words.
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Techne:
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A true art or discipline. A scientific or systematic pursuit capable of a full account and arriving regularly at a good product or outcome.
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Tribe:
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A knack.
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This type of speech focuses on issues of the future; Congress uses it to figure out matters of legislation.
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Deliberative
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This rhetorical setting places praise or blame on an individual
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Ceremonial / Epideictic
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This mode of discourse answers questions with questions in an effort to find transcendent truth.
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Dialectic
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This term refers to one’s ability to argue both sides of an issue.
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Dissoi logoi
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This woman was Pericles’ mistress and is rumored to have written some of his speeches.
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Aspasia
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These controversial foreigners taught people rhetoric for a fee.
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Sophists
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He is said to have laid the foundation for Western philosophy
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Socrates
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Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates were born in this order, starting from first born to last born.
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Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
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He was a student of Socrates who is history’s most significant critic of rhetoric
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Plato
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He was another one of Socrates’ students who concerned himself more with practical applications of rhetoric, like civic education.
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Isocrates
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This terms describes an appeal to emotions
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Pathos
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This term refers to a person’s virtue and his or her ability to strive for excellence
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Arete
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This type of logic moves from general principles to specific instances
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Deductive / enthymeme
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“Ask not what your country can do for you, but rather what you can do for your country is an example of this
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Chiasmus
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This is a Greek who believed in the unity and expansion of Greece, and in general superiority of Greek culture to other cultures.
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Pan-Hellenist
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Plato believes that to do this is worse than to suffer.
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Inflict suffering
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In one of his dialogue’s, Plato argues that rhetoric is not a true art or discipline. This is another term for art, discipline, or a systematic account of study.
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Techne
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Along with rhetoric, what is the primary theme of Phaedrus.
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Love
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This is the metaphor Plato uses in Phaedrus to characterizes struggles between love and lust.
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Winged horses and charioteer
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In this dialogue, Plato makes straw figures out of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles
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Gorgias
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Aristotle followed a number of these & noted which arguments were more and less persuasive.
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Court cases
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These are proofs not invented by the speaker (i.e., witness testimony).
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Inartistic proofs
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Aristotle believes that rhetoric is the counterpart of this.
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Dialectic
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The five classical rhetorical cannons.
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Delivery, arrangement, inventions, memory, style *DAIMS
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This is Aristotle’s famous definition of rhetoric.
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Faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion
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Why should we study rhetoric
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so we can be better persuaders and to have a understanding of how people shape language and history
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ontology
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the essence of being who we are
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inductive reasoning
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logic moves from specific to general
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deductive reasoning
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logic moves from general to specific
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indefinite vs. definite questions
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indefinite- question not specific definite- specific questions
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Topoi
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line of argument/type of argument that can be used to make a point/topic/ways argument can be delivered
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Impropriety
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what is appropriate to say
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Amplification
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increase rhetorical effect, to add importance, or to make the most of a thought
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Copie
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is a form of invention and practice
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Belles Lettres
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(Enlightenment Era)beautiful letters or language
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Humanitas
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term Cicero used meaning: ideal, cultivated person ,they combined moral
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res and verba
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res-the substance of one’s arguments. verba-the words in which the subject matterof the argument was advanced. Facts not words
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vita active
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the life of political and civic involvement, the belief that one owed a debt to one’s city or nation, ones duties should go first to the country that has given him citizenship, then to his fellow citizens, his family, his friends, and lastly to himself
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sprezzatura
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performance at ease and non chalant
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Pathologia
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(remember our skit to persuade using emotions)
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Affectus
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source of emotions or passions in the human mind
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pan-Hellinist
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This is a Greek who believed in the unity and expansion of Greece, and in general superiority of Greek culture to other cultures
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What’s the difference between artistic and inartistic proofs
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inartistic is not invented by the speaker ex-witness who testify..Artistic-includes logos,pathos.ethos
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What are the three rhetorical settings
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poitical, religious, and pop culture
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Augustine
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said humans are born into sinfulness, said God speaks to us,believes the bible is more important than eloquence.
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Aspasia
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was a Hetaera, none of her writing survived, many believe that she wrote for pericles
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Boethius
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roman statesman and philosopher, wrote, “the consolation of philosophy” while in prison for daring to challenge Theodoric’s (gothic king who at time was ruling Italy)oppressive tendencies. Transitional figure in the movement from roman to Christian culture in Europe.
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Valla de Scudery
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female letter writer, leader of the rhetoric of conversation, belief that all society was created through individual conversation, not great oratory or great writing.
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de Pisan de la Cruz
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another female writer
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Vico (especially in relation to Descartes)-
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Italian philosopher who believed that rhetoric, not scientific reason, was the basis of social life (opposite of what Descartes believed)and scientific thinking threatened common beliefs and values.
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Sheridan- (elocution)
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Irish actor and educator who believed that writing is inferior to speech. Part of the elocution movement focusing on delivery and proper pronunciation of words in a era obsessed with correctness. He wrote, “a course of lectures on Elocution”
1. Writing is man’s invention 2. Speech is God’s gift |
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What was the Second Sophistic
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triumph of display oratory, mainly in the greek part of the empire, especially in the province of Asia. Represents a serious demotion of rhetoric from its former prominence as a means of shaping public policy and influence judicial decisions.
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What is Aristotle’s System of Invention? Specifically, what are the different appeals rhetors use to persuade an audience? Provide examples of each.
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rhetors use amplification (naming the same thing in different ways) and propriety (what is appropriate to say)
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How can Plato’s charioteer metaphor be applied to the movie Reefer Madness?
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The scene from reefer madness is similar because the girl comes into the scene innocent with all goodness. After smoking reefer her innocence is gone and she begins to act “mad”. She starts to lust and behave in a way different from at first.
1. The horse and charioteer metaphor focuses on self restraint 2. Distinction between rationality and madness 3. Our lust and belief must be tempered |
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In Platonic terms, what’s the difference between true and false rhetoric? What are some contemporary examples that illustrate this difference?
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Lust or persuasion-to-belief(bad rhetoric) vs. love or persuasion-to-knowledge(good rhetoric)
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• According to Cicero, what are the three functions of oratory?
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To evoke emotions, explore every facet, and develop content
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• What are schemes and tropes?
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Schemes deviate from conventional grammar (sounds, letters, word orders)
tropes deviate from normal meaning of words (metaphors, similes, synecdoche, puns) |
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• What does Augustine say about signs?
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A sign is something which causes us to think of something beyond the impression the thing makes upon the senses
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• What is elocution
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accent,articulation,inflection
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• When (or in what era) did women begin making significant strides in the rhetorical tradition? Describe the situation of women in this era.
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Renaissance
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• When and why do people begin to move away from the church as a primary means of understanding rhetoric?
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Renaissance and because they felt like the Church was running peoples lives and controlling their every move
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• What elements comprise the “rhetorical situation”-
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exigence,audience,constraints,AMP
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What’s an example of the rhetorical situation?
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an indoor dog needs to go potty.
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