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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name region A
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Upper Outer Quadrant (UOQ)
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Name region B
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Upper Inner Quadrant (UIQ)
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Name region C
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Lower Outer Quadrant (LOQ)
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Name region D
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Lower Inner Quadrant (LIQ)
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Which quadrant has the highest incidence of malignancy ?
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Quadrant A. Upper Outer Quadrant (UOQ) : 15%
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Name the two benign tumours of the breast
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Fibroadenoma and Papilloma
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Describe 3 Characteristics of Fibroadenoma
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1. associated with younger women
2. single or multiple nodules within the breast 3. nodules become increasingly dense & sclerotic |
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Describe 4 Characteristics of Papilloma
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1. occur as single lesions in main duct of breast
2. distend duct and causes breast enlargement 3. may be a discharge of blood from nipple 4. may be accompanied by cystic formation |
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Name the 3 main types of risk factors of breast carcinoma
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1. personal risk factors
2. non-hormonal risk factors 3. hormonal risk factors |
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State the 5 types of PERSONAL risk factors of breast carcinoma
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1. age
2. genetics 3. family history 4. history of breast cancer 5. parity |
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state the 4 NON-HORMONAL risk factors of breast carcinoma
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1. Ionising radiation
2. Amount & Duration of alcohol assumption 3. Smoking 4. Diet |
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which risk factor has the greatest risk for non-hereditary breast cancer ?
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Age
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Which age range has a greater risk of breast carcinoma ?
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women aged 50 and above
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what percentage of breast carcinoma is genetic ?
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10%
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if a patient has a sister who has breast carcinoma, what are the chances the patient will get breast carcinoma ?
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2 times increased risk
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if a patient has a mother who has breast carcinoma, what are the chances the patient will get breast carcinoma ?
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2 times the increased risk
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if a patient has a cousin who has breast carcinoma, what are the chances the patient will get breast carcinoma ?
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increased risk
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if a patient has a grandmother who has breast carcinoma, what are the chances the patient will get breast carcinoma ?
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increased risk
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if a patient has a history of breast carcinoma, what are the chances the patient will get breast carcinoma again ?
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3-4 times increased risk of getting breast carcinoma on the affected side or the contralateral side
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what does it mean if a patient is nulliparous ?
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she has never given birth before/no children
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Women who have had children has a _____________ risk than women who have no children
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lower
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the __________ the number of pregnancies, the lower the risk
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greater
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the greater the number of pregnancies, the ___________ the risk
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lower
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the ______________ the number of pregnancies, the higher the risk
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lower
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the lower the number of pregnancies, the _______________ the risk
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greater
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infertile women has a ______________ risk than fertile women
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greater
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increasing the amount and duration of alcohol assumption, increases _____________
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serum oestradiol
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________ fat diet, increase risk of breast carcinoma
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high
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______ calorie diet, increase risk of breast carcinoma
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high
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low vitamin diet, _________ risk of getting breast carcinoma
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increase
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which hormone is directly associated with risk of breast cancer
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oestrogen
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if a patient started her menstruation at an early age, she has a _______________ risk of getting breast cancer
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greater
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if a patient had her menopause at a later age, she has a _________________ risk of getting breast cancer
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greater
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why do obese women have greater risk of getting breast cancer ?
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due to the conversion of androstenedione to oestrone in adipose tissues
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2 locations where breast cancer manifests
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1. breast ducts
2. breast lobules |
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2 types of breast cancer
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1. non-invasive
2. invasive |
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another term for non-invasive
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carcinoma in situ
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another term for invasive
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carcinoma
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what does it mean when a cancer is non-invasive
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1. confined to the site of origin
2. does not penetrate the membrane |
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what does it mean when a cancer is invasive
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1. infiltrating
2. spreading 3. penetrate the membrane |
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a non-invasive cancer in the breast lobule is called
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lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
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a non-invasive cancer in the breast ducts is called
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ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
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invasive cancer in the breast lobules is called
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invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC)
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invasive cancer in the breast ducts is called
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invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC)
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which is the most common type of non-invasive breast cancer
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ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
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which is the most common type of invasive breast cancer
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invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC)
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which type of cancer is called a stage 0 cancer
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ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
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which types of breast cancer appears in the milk glands
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1. lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
2. invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) |
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which type of breast cancer, occurs in the milk glands but is not cancerous
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lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
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which type of breast cancers originates from the milk glands and spreads to other parts of the body
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invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC)
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how do cancer cells of the breast spread to other parts of the body
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through the lymph channels to the lymph nodes under the arm
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what is the most common breast lesion
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mammary dysplasia
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how is mammary dysplasia affected
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cyclical changes of the ovary
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how does the changes in the breasts seen
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1. ducts within the breast become enlarged and form cysts
2. adenosis - increase in amount of connective tissue which leads to distortion of the normal breast pattern |
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an increase amount of connective tissue which leads to distortion of normal breast pattern is called
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adenosis
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adenosis of the breast can cause
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1. retracted nipple
2. skin dimpling |
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what are the indications for a mammogram
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1. assessment of palpable lumps
2. high risk group e.g family history of breast cancer 3. as a screening procedure |
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what is the most common female cancer in Singapore
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breast cancer
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which cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in Singapore women
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breast cancer
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what is the survival rate for Stage 0 patients if the cancer does not relapse within 5 years after treating the cancer ?
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100%
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what is the survival rate for Stage 1 patients if the cancer does not relapse within 5 years after treating the cancer ?
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100%
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what is the survival rate for Stage 2 patients if the cancer does not relapse within 5 years after treating the cancer ?
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86%
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what is the survival rate for Stage 3 patients if the cancer does not relapse within 5 years after treating the cancer ?
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57%
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what is the survival rate for Stage 4 patients if the cancer does not relapse within 5 years after treating the cancer ?
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20%
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how many stages of breast cancer are there ?
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5 stages : Stage 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
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which stage(s) do not involve the lymph nodes
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Stage 0 and Stage 1 and Stage 2
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which stage(s) involves the lymph nodes
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Stage 2 and Stage 3
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which stage(s) can have lymph node involvement and also have no lymph node involvement
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Stage 2
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which stage(s) have lymph node involvement on the same side of the breast
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Stage 2 and Stage 3
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which stage(s) have no metastasis
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Stage 0, 1, 2, 3
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which stage(s) have metastasis
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Stage 4
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which stage(s) is a non-invasive tumour
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Stage 0
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Stage 1 has a tumour size of
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less than 2 cm
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Stage 2 has a tumour size of
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between 2-5 cm
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Stage 3 has a tumour size of
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more than 5 cm
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why is the tumour size and lymph node involvement not applicable in Stage 4
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at this stage, the cancer cells have already metastasize to other parts of the body
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the breast look oedematous and looks like an orange. what is this condition called
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peau d'orange
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state the condition of the patient
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Secondary lymphoedema of the left arm caused by metastases in the lymph glands
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