Revolutions In The West Simmons College

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Vladimir Lenin

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1870-1924, Russian revolutionary and communist politician who led the Bolsheviks and the Soviet State from 1917-1924. Worked to establish socialist economic system during Russian Revolution. Established the Cheka in 1917 which was the military security force for the Bolsheviks. Used "Bread, Peace and Land" to win proletariat support

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Nationalism

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Involves a strong identity with your society and state. Can be reactionary (return to national past and expulsion of foreigners) or revolutionary (calling for independent state and homeland). First demonstrated in French and American Revolutions, but is most strongly associated with the racism of WWI and WWII. The deportation of Chechens and Crimean Tartar's under Stalin's regime was an example. Emphasized by Alex III and Nick II which encouraged other nationalists.

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Fundamental Laws

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The Russian Constitution of 1906 defined the autocracy of the Russian Empire, the rights and obligations of citizens of the Russian Empire, and them Empire operates under firmly established laws that are properly enacted.

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Concert of Europe

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Balance of power. Sense of restraint, limitations, consensus, and compromise, without confrontation. Treatise were respected and people pushed for win-win situations. There was security against France as by size it was the greatest continental power. It set the new standard for diplomacy because no country should be a continental power. existed in Europe from the fall of Napoleon in 1815 until the early 20th century. Its founding members were the UK, Austria, Russia and Prussia

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Congress of Vienna

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Consolidated things back to the pre-revolution status. put aristocracy back in power. Meeting of the Concert of Europe. Liberals were against the Vienna settlement that put 4 powers in control of Europe.

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Russo-Japanese War

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Expansion in Asian conflicted with an increase in Japanese presence. Since Meiji Restoration in late 1860s, Japan built industrial economy that focused on self-preservation through expansion. In 1904 Japanese attacked the Russians in Manchuria and War began in 1905. Russian leaders thought distracting people with foreign victories would detract from domestic problems but they underestimated the Japanese.Lost big in War. Land forces from Russia tok too long to reach Siberia. Korea went to Japan. Led to economic problems in Russia and opportunity for challenges of Russian autocracy. Brought about many protests

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Frankfurt Parliament

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First freely elected Parliament in Germany. May 18, 1848 to May 31, 1849. Produced a constitution based on Parliamentary Democracy that rejected Metternich's ideals. Governing body that let Frederick William IV of Prussia keep his absolute power

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Battle of Jena

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October 14, 1806 in Germany between Napoleon and Frederick William III of Prussia. In the battle, Napoleon smashed the outdated Prussian army inherited from Frederick II the Great, which resulted in the reduction of Prussia to half its former size at the Treaty of Tilsit in July 1807.

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Classic Liberalism

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is a political ideology that developed in the 19th century in England, Western Europe, and the Americas. It is committed to the ideal of limited government and liberty of individuals including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets.

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Robespierre

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1758-1794, beheaded. reign of terror. against Danton. The best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. He largely dominated the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended with his arrest and execution in 1794. Fought for the execution of Louis XVI. Member of the Jacobin Club.

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Thermadorian Reaction

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The Thermidorian Reaction was a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. It was triggered by a vote of the Committee of Public Safety to execute Robespierre, Saint-Just and several other leading members of the Terror. This ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution.

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Touissaint L'Overture

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May 20, 1743 – April 7, 1803. Leader of the Haitian Revolution. ed enslaved blacks in a long struggle for independence over French colonizers, abolished slavery, and secured "native" control over the colony, Haiti. Especially between the years 1800 and 1802, Toussaint L'Ouverture tried to rebuild the collapsed economy of Haiti and reestablish commercial contacts with the United States and Britain. Campaigned in support of the French Revolution

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Simon Bolivar

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1783-1830. A Venezuelan political leader. Together with José de San Martín, he played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from Spain. Bolívar participated in the foundation of the first union of independent nations in Latin America. Advocated for a free market.

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Haussman's Paris

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Modernization program of Paris commissioned by Napoléon III and led by the Seine Haussmann between 1852 and 1870. he project encompassed all aspects of urban planning, both in the centre of Paris and in the surrounding districts: streets and boulevards, regulations imposed on facades of buildings, public parks, sewers and water works, city facilities and public monuments. Made the streets wide enough that they couldn't be barricaded by protesters and all streets led to the city center, the Arch de Triumph.

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Risorgimento

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Italian unification that agglomerated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century. Began with the Congress of Vienna at the end of the Napoleonic rule and ended in the 1870s.

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Nihilism

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The Nihilist movement was a Russian movement in the 1860s which rejected all authorities.[1] It is derived from the Latin word "nihil", which means "nothing". After the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, the Nihilists were known throughout Europe as proponents of the use of violence in order to bring about political change.

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Russification

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An adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute (whether voluntarily or not) by non-Russian communities.The major areas of Russification are politics and culture. After the Russian defeat in the Crimean War in 1856 and the Polish rebellion of 1861, Tsar Alexander II escalated Russification to reduce the threat of future rebellions. Russia was populated by many minority groups, and forcing them to accept the Russian culture was an attempt to prevent self-determinationist tendencies and separatism.

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NEP

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decree in 1921 an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin to prevent the Russian economy from collapsing. Allowing some private ventures, the NEP allowed small businesses or shops, for instance, to reopen for private profit while the state continued to control banks, foreign trade, and large industries. The decree required the farmers to give the government a specified amount of raw agricultural product as a tax in kind. Further decrees refined the policy and expanded it to include some industries.