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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a normal ventillation rate?
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10 - 18 breaths per minute
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What are the accessory respiration muscles? (5)
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Pectoralis major/minor
Stenocleidomastoids Scalines Latissimus dorse |
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By how many more times is carbon dioxide soluble, compared with oxygen?
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Twenty times
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Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli twice as fast. Why?
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Carbon dioxide is twenty times more soluble than oxygen, but its concentration gradient (at the alveoli) is one tenth of oxygen.
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Nitrogen is exchanged with the blood T/F
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F
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How is RQ calculated?
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volume of carbon dioxide produced
/ Volume of oxygen taken up |
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The RQ varies depending on the food being metabolised. What are the values for:
Carbohydrates Fats Proteins? |
Carbohydrates: 1.000
Fats: 0.707 Protein: 0.809 |
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When would there be a RQ of 0.809? Why?
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When protein is the main product being metabolised. This occurs during starvation
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Pharynx leads to larynx, or larynx leads to pharynx? (From top to bottom)
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Pharynx to larynx
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What are the rough dimensions of the trachea? (Length and diameter
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1.8 cm in diameter
12 cm in length |
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Why are inhaled foreign objects likely to go down the right main bronchus?
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It is more vertical and has a larger diameter
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How many generations of airways are there between the atmosphere and the alveoli? Which generation is the trachea?
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23
Trachea is generation 0 |
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Which generations of airway division correspond to the bronchioles?
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12 - 19
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What are the terminal bronchioles? What generation of airway are they?
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Generation 16 - They are the structures that link the bronchioles to the respiratory surface (all generations pre are known as the conducting airways)
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What are generations of the airways 17 - 19 known as?
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The 'respiratory bronchioles'
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What do the respiratory bronchioles give rise to after generation 19?
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Alveolar ducts
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What do alveolar ducts give rise to?
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Alveolar sacs
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State the divisions of the respiratory airways, with generations
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Trachea: Gen 0
Main bronchi: 1 Lobar bronchi: 2 - 3 Segmetal bronchi: 4 Small bronchi: 5 - 11 Bronchioles: 12 - 19 (NB 0 - 16 = CONDUCTING airways) Terminal bronchioles: 16 Respiratory bronchioles: 17 - 19 Alveolar ducts and sacs: 20 - 23 |
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What is the typical area available for gas exchange in an adult?
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60 - 80 m^2
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Bronchioles have no cartilage T/F
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T
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Smooth muscle is present in alveolar ducts T/F
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T
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What kind of epithelium lines the airway from nasal passage to small bronchi? (NB small bronchi generation 5 - 11)
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Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
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What is the function of goblet cells?
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Secret mucous
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What is the epithelium from the bronchioles?
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Simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
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What is the mucocilary escalator?
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The process of the ciliar within the respiratory tree continuously wafting mucous (containing nasty substances) up toward the mouth to be swallowed
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What are the two cell types that comprise the wall/'septa' of the alveoli?
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Alveolar type I cell (simple squamous epithelial cell)
Alveolar type II cell (produces pulmonary surfactant) |
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What are 'pores of Kohn'?
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Pores between adjacent alveoli
--> Function as means of collateral ventilation (i.e. if preceeding airway is blocked, alveoli can still be of use) |
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Which nerve fibres innervate the smooth muscle of the bronchi?
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Cholinergic parasympathetic fibres
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What does activation of the cholinergic parasympathetic nerve fibres lead to - bronchoconstriction, or bronchodilation?
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Bronchoconstriction
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How is bronchodilation brought about?
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In response to circulating epineprine/norepinephrine/salbutamol (all act on beta-adrenergic receptors)
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Sympathetic nerve fibres innervate bronchilar smooth muscle T/F
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F
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How does epinephrine/norepinephrine/salbutamol (a drug) mediate bronchodilation?
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Action on beta-adrenergic receptors
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Which lung volumes cannot be measured by spirometry? How are they measured?
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Residual volume and functional residual capacity (And, presumably, total lung capacity)
Measured using helium dilution method |
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The diaphragm is a muscle T/F
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T
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Intrathoracic and intrapleural pressures are the same T/F
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T
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What is a pneumothorax?
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The presence of air or gas in the cavity between the lungs and the chest wall, causing collapse of the lung
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The presence of air or gas in the cavity between the lungs and the chest wall, causing collapse of the lung
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Pneumothorax
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What is compliance?
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The change in volume of the chest that results from a given change in intrapleural pressure (deltaV/deltaT)
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The change in volume of the chest that results from a given change in intrapleural pressure (deltaV/deltaT)
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Compliance
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What is Boyle's law?
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The pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to its volume
P is proportional to 1/V |
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What is Charles' law?
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The volume occupied by a gas is directly related to the absolute temperature
V is proportional to T |
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What is the ideal gas equation?
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[P(1) * V(1)]/T(1) = [P(2) * V(2)]/T(2)
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What does:
[V(dot)CO2 * 0.863]/V(dot)A equal? |
P(a)CO2
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What is physiological and anatomical deadspace?
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Anatomical deadspace - the volume betweenthe mouth/nose and the respiratory bronchioles (150 ml).
The physiological dead-space includes the anatomical deadspaceplusthe volume of air entering the lungs that does not contributed to oxygenating the blood, because it enters a) poorly perfused alveoli or b) excessively ventilated alveoli . |
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Physiological dead space includes anatomical deadspace T/F
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T
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What causes physiological deadspace to exist?
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Volume of air entering the lungs that does not
contributed to oxygenating the blood, because it enters a) Poorly perfused alveoli b) Excessively ventilated alveoli . |
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Oxygen consumption is linearly related to energy expenditure T/F
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T
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What is V(O2) max?
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The maximum capacity of an individual's body to transport and use oxygen during incremental exercise
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The maximum capacity of an individual's body to transport and use oxygen during incremental exercise
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V(O2) Max
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What is transpulmonary pressure?
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The difference between alveolar and intrapleural pressure
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Transpulmonary pressure is always positive T/F
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T (under normal breathing conditions)
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How are elasticity and compliance related?
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The inverse of compliance is elasticity (not certain)
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What is the effect of emphysema and fibrosis on compliance?
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Emphysema increases compliance
Fibrosis decreases compliance |
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What is kyphoscoliosis and how does it relate to compliance?
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Abnormal curvature of the spine in both a coronal and sagittal plane.
Can affect shape of thoracic cavity, and hence lung compliance |
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Where is the greatest resistance to airflow in the respiratory tree? Why?
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Conducting airways - Smaller airways have a greater cross sectional area
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What is transmural pressure?
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The pressure difference between the inside and the pressure outside of a walled substance
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The pressure difference between the inside and the pressure outside of a walled substance
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Transmural pressure
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Which cells secrete pulmonary surfactant?
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Alveolar type II cells
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How doe surfactant act differently in small and large alveoli?
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Surfactant reduces surface tension more in small alveoli than large (which explains why small alveoli do not empty into larger ones when breathing in, presume)
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