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7 Cards in this Set
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John Snow 1854 |
A British physician.▪ was the first person accredited to study in epidemiology ▪he graphed the cases of cholera death in London▪He identified the water pump in Broad Street London as the likely cause of cholera ▪after closing the pump on 8th September 1854 cholera cases dropped significantly. |
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Edward Jenner |
Observed that if a milkmaid got cowpox she will never get smallpox▪ He injected an 8 year old boy with cowpox. The boy got cowpox and recovered pretty quickly because cowpox is mild in humans. Jenner then infected the boy with the deadly smallpox. The boy didn't get sick. With that Jenner invented vaccinations. Observed that if a milkmaid got cowpox she will never get smallpox▪ He injected an 8 year- old boy with cowpox. The boy got cowpox and recovered pretty quickly because cowpox is mild in humans. Jenner then infected the boy with the deadly smallpox. The boy didn't get sick. With that Jenner invented vaccinations. |
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Ignaz Semmelweiss :The saviour of mothers in the obstetrical clinics. 1847. The Pioneer of aseptic procedures. |
A Hungarian physician at Vienna General Hospital observed that childbearing women were dying with a fever similar to a fever which doctors who had been working in the morgue had contracted. •He suggested surgeons washed their hands with Chlorine and water before seeing each patient. •There was an instant reduction in deaths during childbirth. •At that time people believed in Spontaineous generation Theory which stated that living organisms could arise from directly and rapidly from non living materials. •An important step towards Germ Theory. |
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Robert Koch 1876 contribution towards Germ Theory. Germany. |
Robert Koch contributed to germ theory in 1876 by Identifying specific causative agents for tuberculosis, Anthrax and Cholera. ■He came up with four experimental steps known as Koch's postulates for proving that specific microbes were the cause of specific disease: 1-Bacterium should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy organisms. 2-Bacterium must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in a pure culture. 3-Cells from a pure culture of the suspected bacteria should cause disease in a healthy host and, 4-The bacteria must be re isolated and shown to be identical to the original. ■This contributed to germ theory as he was the first person to disprove spontaneous generation and prove that germs were the cause of infection and disease.
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How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics- explain this in as much detail as possible |
Antibiotics alter the protein or the processes which the bacterial cells need to survive. Random genetic mutations can make the bacteria resistant to the antibiotic. Antibiotic resistant bacteria then reproduce, passing on a copy of its drug-resistant gene via vertical gene transfer. Bacteria may also employe horizontal Gene transfer. This can be achieved through conjugation transduction and transformation. •Conjugation: 2 bacterial cells connect through structures in the cell membrane such as plasmids to pass genetic information. •Transduction: bacteriophages are viruses which can infect the bacterial cells. These viruses can transmit DNA from a cell containing the antibiotic resistant gene. •Transformation: this is the process of foreign DNA being picked up from the environment around the cell, usually DNA that has been shared by other cells. Other factors include incorrect diagnosis or improper use of prescriptions. Bacteria can also change the target protein so that the target of the antibiotic still carries out the same function, but no longer has the same structure. So the specificity of the drug will mean that the drug won't bind to its target. |
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What are the 4 types of vaccines and explain the mechanism of action of each type of vaccine include information on booster requirements. |
•Live-attenuated vaccines are when a live but weakened form of the disease is introduced into the body. One or two doses usually give a person a lifetime protection against the disease. •Inactivated Vaccines is when a dead form of the disease is introduced into the body. The pathogens are inactivated through the use of heat or of formaldehyde. Several booster shots will be required over a lifetime because pathogens may mutate and therefore the signalling molecules which are recognised as antigens by the immune system will be different. •Subunit vaccines are when a specific part of the disease such as a protein or part of the capsid of a virus is introduced into the body. The Vaccines are genetically engineered. •Toxoid vaccines are when a toxin created by the disease is introduced into the body but more commonly are comprised of an immunoglobulin against a specific toxin which has been cloned from a recently infected individual. Booster shots throughout a person's life are required to make them effective. In most cases the effects are short-lived |
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Louis Pasteur. French. Wine. Vaccination. |
Louis Pasteur was asked by a wine company to conduct a research to find out why some wine turned sour while it was being made. Pasteur discovered that germs in the air caused the wine to decay. He discovered that bad wine had germs in it that were visible through a microscope. ■He then developed a process of killing the germs by boiling the wine and then cooling it down(Pasteurisation). ■He also proved that germs can be prevented from entering the wine in the first place. ■Pasteur was the first ever person to create vaccines in a lab.
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French, Wine, Vaccines. |
