Review Of Perkin's Lectures

Front 1

What are the 3 stages of neurulation?

Back 1

1. Neural plate formation
2. Neural plate invagination
3. Neural tube formation with ectoderm sealing over the top

Front 2

Major characteristics of spina bifida occulta

Back 2

dura closed, hair growth over affected areas, lipoma or lipocele seen

Front 3

spina bifida cystica: meningocele

Back 3

cyst contains CSF only

Front 4

spina bifida cystica: meningomyelocele

Back 4

spinal cord enters cystic sac, causes deficits

Front 5

Rachischisis

Back 5

neural tube does not form

Front 6

tethered cord syndrome: what causes it, what arises from it?

Back 6

spina bifida cystica disrupts secondary neurulation; tension can lead to Arnold-Chiari formation

Front 7

What is exencephaly?

Back 7

failure of the rostral portion of the neural tube to close

Front 8

What is an encephalocele?

Back 8

meninges project through bony defect with or without brain tissue

Front 9

What is anencephaly?

Back 9

failure of neurocranium and brain to develop

Front 10

What are the primary brain vesicles? (flexures, too)

Back 10

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
cephalic flexure
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
cervical flexure

Front 11

What are the secondary brain vesicles?

Back 11

Telencephalon (cerebrum)
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)
Myelencephalon (medulla)

Front 12

What is holoprosencephaly?

Back 12

loss of midline structures, no interhemispheric fissure or corpus callosum, extreme case --> cyclops

Front 13

What is the agenesis of corpus callosum?

Back 13

mild form of holoprosencephaly, absent corpus callosum

Front 14

What are the 3 layers of the neural tube and their derivatives?

Back 14

Nueroepithelium - multipolar neurons, astrocytes, ependymal cells
Mantle layer - gray matter, basal and alar plates
Marginal layer - white matter

Front 15

Name some derivatives of neural crest

Back 15

melanocytes, adrenal medulla, head mesenchyme, schwann cells, dorsal root ganglia

Front 16

What is the role of the sulcus limitans in the developing brain?

Back 16

seperates sensory alar plate and motor basal plate

Front 17

What are the layers of the tela choroidea?

Back 17

capillary - pia mater - choroid epithelium

Front 18

What are the 4 stages of cerebral development?

Back 18

Proliferation
Migration
Organization
Myelination

Front 19

What is lissencephaly?

Back 19

Loss of gyri and sulci

Front 20

What is schizencephaly?

Back 20

large cleft in cerebral tissue

Front 21

What is focal cerebral dysgenesis?

Back 21

lack of development in specific areas

Front 22

What neurons are contained within the intermediolateral cell column (lateral horn)?

Back 22

presynaptic sympathetic neurons and visceromotor B fibers in (T1-L3)
presynaptic parasympathetic fibers (S2-S4)

Front 23

Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway transmits what sensation to where via what?

Back 23

fine touch, pressure, proprioception via fasciculus cuneatus/gracilis (upper/lower) through VPL to areas 3, 1, 2

Front 24

Anterolateral system transmits what sensation to where via what?

Back 24

pain, temp, light touch, visceral sensation via anterolateral column to various destinations

Front 25

The spinothalamic tract carries what type of sensation where? (anterolateral system)

Back 25

fast pricking pain, temp, light touch to VPL to areas 3, 1, 2

Front 26

The spinoreticular and spinomesencephalic tracts carry what type of sensation where?

Back 26

Both carry slow pain and visceral sensation
spinoreticular tract - to reticular formation
spinomesencephalic tract - to midbrain

Front 27

What are the four pathways from the spinal cord to the cerebellum?

Back 27

Lower body: dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts
Upper body: cuneocerebellar and rostral spinocerebellar tracts

Front 28

What are the lateral descending pathways and what do they control? (cross at pyramidal decussation)

Back 28

Lateral corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract
fine skilled movements of distal limbs

Front 29

What are the medial descending pathways and what do they control? (synapse bilaterally)

Back 29

ventral corticospinal tracts, tectospinal tract, reticulospinal tracts and vestibulospinal tracts
movement of axial muscles for balance, posture

Front 30

What is Brown-sequard syndrome? What are the clinical signs?

Back 30

hemi-section of the spinal cord
ispilateral loss of touch, pressure, proprioception; contralateral loss of pain/touch; ipsilateral UMN-loss signs

Front 31

What is syringomyelia? What are the signs?

Back 31

fluid-filled cavity in center of cervical cord; interruption of pain and temp at site of injury

Front 32

What is located in the ventral medulla?

Back 32

pyramids, pyramidal decussation

Front 33

What is located in the lateral medulla?

Back 33

olive, inferior olivary nuclei
tuberculum cinereum - spinal tract of V and nucleus of spinal tract (pain and temp from face)

Front 34

What is located in the dorsal medulla?

Back 34

gracile and cuneate tubercles and fasciculi

Front 35

What is the significance of the parvocellular and magnocellular areas of the reticular formation?

Back 35

parvocellular area - eating and eye movements
magnocellular area - modulate pain, autonomics, and endocrine functions

Front 36

What is in the basal portion of the pons?

Back 36

crus cerebri --> corticobulbar fibers, corticospinal fibers, corticopontine fibers

Front 37

What is located in the tegmentum of the pons?

Back 37

Principal sensory nucleus of V (touch, pressure, vibration from face)

Front 38

What is located in the tegmentum of the midbrain?

Back 38

mesencephalic nucleus of V (1st order neurons) for proprioception

Front 39

What is the function of the periaqueductal gray?

Back 39

pain modulator that activates neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus

Front 40

What are the parasympathetic nuclei in the brainstem?

Back 40

Edinger-Westphal (III)
Superior salvitory (VII)
Inferior salvitory (IX)
Dorsal motor (X)

Front 41

Hemispheric lesions will present as...

Back 41

Contralateral loss of sensation
Contralateral weakness of body and lower face

Front 42

Medial medullary syndrome presents as...

Back 42

Contralateral hemiparesis and sensory deficits of body
Ipsilateral paralysis of tongue

Front 43

Lateral medullary syndrome presents as...

Back 43

Contralateral loss of pain and temp from body
Ispilateral loss of pain, temp, and CN 9, 10 function of face

Front 44

Ventral syndrome of the midbrain presents as...

Back 44

Ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy
Contralateral hemplegia and lower face paralysis