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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Are vitamins organic?
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Yes
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vitamins are organic, essential nutrients required in tiny amounts to perform specific functions that promote growth, reproduction, or maintenance of health and life. (from text book) Vitamin contains carbon.
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Are vitamins broken down for energy in the body?
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NO.
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They are just absorbed the way they are.
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Describe dose / benefits response to vitamin intake.
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Essential for growth and maintenance of health and life, and reproduction
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Dose - You won’t get any added benefit for taking more than what you should take. Too many vitamins can become toxic after a certain point
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Describe factors that affect bioavailability of vitamins.
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-Bioavailabilitiy- the amount of vitamins available from foods depends on both the quantity provided by a food and also the amount absorbed and used by the body.
a. Efficiency of digestion and time to transit through the GI tract b. Previous nutrient intake and nutritional status c. Method of food preparation (raw, cooked, processed) d. Other foods consumed at the same time e. Digestibility/absorption/storage - varies i. some vitamins can actually interfere with the vitamin absorption in the food ii. if the body storage of vitamins are high, then the body isn’t going to absorb much more vitamins f. Source of nutrient - whether it’s synthetic or natural can affect absorption rate g. Nutritional status - if you need more than body will absorb more and vice versa h. Food storage / preparation of food i. boil vegetables - leeching of vitamins from vegetables because of the contact with water 1. happens a lot to water-soluble vitamins ii. heat can destroy some vitamins (water-soluble) iii. light can destroy some water-soluble vitamins (riboflavin) i. Environmental effect - air can destroy some water- and fat-soluble vitamins. Store foods in air-tight containers, cook quickly, and eat quickly. |
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Recognize that many of the B vitamins are synthesized by bacteria in the gut in small amounts.
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● GI bacteria digests fibers and complex proteins that were not digested in the small intestine.
● The bacteria produces nutrients such as short fragments of fat that the cells of the colon use for energy. ● *Bacteria in the GI tract also produce pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, b6, b12, K), but the amount is insufficient to meet the body’s total need for these vitamins. |
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How can you minimize loss of vitamins when storing, preparing/ cooking foods?
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a. Store foods with riboflavin (ex: milk) in opaque containers (avoid UV light)
b. Steam foods containing thiamin (cereal grain, whole grains-brown rice, asparagus, potatoes) rather than boiling (avoid leeching) c. B vitamins are easily destroyed by heat d. Folate is easily destroyed by oxidation and heat e. B12 is destroyed by microwave radiation >> cook by stove top f. Store foods in air-tight containers, cook quickly, and eat quickly |
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Which vitamins (water-soluble / fat-soluble) are more susceptible to heat, air and light, and leaching?
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WATER- SOLUBLE!
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Thiamin - destroyed by heat
● Vitamin B6- destroyed by heat ■ Riboflavin - destroyed by ultraviolet light and irradiation ■ Folate - destroyed by heat and oxygen ■ Vitamin C- destroyed by heat and oxygen ■ Vitamin B12 - destroyed by microwave cooking ■ Pantothenic Acid - destroyed by food processing |
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Compare water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins with regard to absorption, storage, excretion, toxicity
(p. 314 text) |
Water-soluble vitamins (hydrophilic) - 8 B vitamins and vitamin C
● Absorption - absorbed into blood ● Storage - freely circulate in water-filled compartments of the body, but monitored by the kidney ● Excretion - by kidneys that monitor the blood flowing through them. Removes small excesses. ● water-soluble vitamins must be eaten more regularly - frequent and smaller doses compared to fat-soluble vitamins ● Toxicity - generally not easy to become toxic because the body doesn’t retain them as long as fat-soluble vitamins |
Fat-soluble vitamins (hydrophobic) - Vitamins A, D, E, K ● Absorption - must first enter the lymph, then the blood. Require transport proteins to cell. ● Storage - in fatty tissues and liver until needed. Excess fat-soluble vitamins tend to stay in fat-storage sites in the body rather than being excreted, and so are more likely to reach toxic levels when consumed in excess. They can be consumed in large amounts and still meet the body’s needs over time. Don’t have to be eaten as regularly. ● Toxicity - more likely to reach toxic levels when consumed in excess |
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1. Describe the following
a. Thiamin (B1) FUNCTION |
i. assists in energy metabolism as a coenzyme. Occupies a special site on the membranes of nerve cells. Nerve activity and muscle activity in response to nerves depends heavily on thiamin - maintenance of nervous tissues necessary for nerve transmissions
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1. Describe the following
a. Thiamin (B1) Food sources: |
meats (pork family), legumes/nuts/seeds, breads + cereals (enriched grains), sunflower seeds
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1. Describe the following
a. Thiamin (B1) i. Deficiency |
1. Disease / symptoms / cause
a. Beri/Beri ■ dry beri/beri reflects damage to the nervous system and is characterized by muscle weakness in the arms and legs. Can result in partial paralysis ■ wet beri/beri reflects damage to the cardiovascular system and is characterized by dilated blood vessels; which cause the heart to work harder and the kidneys to retain salt and water, resulting in edema b. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome symptoms: disorientation, loss of short term memory, jerky eye movements, and staggering gait i. severe thiamin deficiency (Seen in alcoholics) 2. Vulnerable populations: those who fail to eat enough food. Nations with malnourished populations (beriberi observed in Indonesia), homeless, alcoholics |
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1. Describe the following
a. Riboflavin (B2) i. Functions: |
i. part of coenzymes FMN [flavin mononucleotide] and FAD [ flavin adeninedinucleotide] used in energy metabolism
1. involved substantially in the energy pathways |
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1. Describe the following
a. Riboflavin (B2) Food sources: |
milk products (yogurt, cheese), whole grain / fortified / enriched grain products, liver, dark leafy vegetables. Easily destroyed by ultraviolet light and irradiation (explains reason for opaque milk containers).
1. use opaque milk containers so that riboflavin is not destroyed by sunlight |
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1. Describe the following
a. Riboflavin (B2) Deficiency: |
ariboflavinosis
1. Symptoms :sore throat, cracks and redness at corners of mouth [cracks at mouth are called angular stomatitis OR cheilosis], painful smooth purplish red tongue [smoothness caused by loss of surface structures is called glossitis], inflammations characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales; inflammation of the membranes of the mouth, skin, eyes,and GI tract 2. Vulnerable population: vegans who don’t consume milk need to rely on ample servings of dark greens and enriched grains ii. Stable to heat |
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1. Describe the following Niacin (B3)
Function: |
coenzyme (energy metabolism)
i. The coenzyme forms are NAD and NADP. ii. A coenzyme in alcohol metabolism - helps to break it down. iii. Central in energy-transfer reaction, especially the metabolism of glucose, fat, and alcohol. iv. Can be eaten preformed or made in the body from tryptophan (but only occurs after protein synthesis needs have been met) |
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1. Describe the following Niacin (B3)
Food sources |
i. Preformed
1. Milk, eggs, meat, poultry; whole-grain, fortified, and enriched grain products; nuts and all protein-containing foods. Vegetables - asparagus and mushrooms ii. Tryptophan conversion: 60 mg of tryptophan is needed to make 1 mg of niacin |
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1. Describe the following Niacin (B3)
a. Deficiency |
i. Disease / symptoms / cause
1. Pellagra a. Symptoms: i. Diarrhea, dermatitis (rash on skin when exposed to sunlight), dementia (poor memory, low attention span), and death b. Vulnerable Population: i. U.S. South where many people eat a low-protein diet consisting of corn ii. Corn is high in the amino acid leucine, which interferes with the tryptophan-to-niacin conversion |
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1. Describe the following Niacin (B3)
a. Toxicity (one of the toxic water-soluble vitamins) |
i. Pharmacological use:
1. Used as decreasing blood lipids - treatments of hyperlipidemia (high blood cholesterol and triglycerides). 2. Large doses of nicotinic acid have been used to lower LDL cholesterol, raise HDL cholesterol, and increase adiponectin levels - all factors that help protect against heart disease. Can also cause liver damage and peptic/stomach ulcers |
i. Symptoms
1. Painful flush, hives, and rash (flush); nausea and vomiting; liver damage; impaired glucose tolerance, liver disease, diabetes, peptic ulcers, gout, irregular heartbeats, migraines, alcoholism 2. Niacin flush occurs when nicotinic acid is taken in doses only 3 to 4 times the RDA. It dilates the capillaries and causes a tingling sensation that can be painful |
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1. Describe the following
Biotin (B7) FUNCTION |
i. A ‘B vitamin’ that functions as a coenzyme in metabolism
ii. Carries activated carbon dioxide (transfers carbon dioxide in the body) iii. Biotin delivers a carbon to 3-carbon pyruvate, thus replenishing oxaloacetate, the 4-carbon compound needed to combine with acetyl CoA to keep the TCA cycle turning (don’t need to know this, I asked her) iv. Also participates in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and the breakdown of certain fatty acids and amino acids |
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Describe the following
Biotin (B7) SOURCES |
. Widespread of foods: liver, egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole grains; also ½ of intake is produced by GI bacteria
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Describe the following
Biotin (B7) DEFICIENCY |
Depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs; red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth; hair loss (deficiency not listed on review sheet)
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Describe the following
Biotin (B7) TOXICITY |
none reported
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Describe the following
Pantothenic Acid (B5) a. Function |
i. Part of the chemical structure of coenzyme A-the same CoA that forms acetyl A, the “crossroads” compound in several metabolic pathways, including the TCA cycle
ii. Involved in more than 100 different steps in the synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin iii. Used in energy metabolism |
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Describe the following
Pantothenic Acid (B5) SOURCES |
i. Widespread in foods; chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomatoes, liver, egg yolk, broccoli, whole grains
ii. Easily destroyed by food processing |
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Describe the following
Pantothenic Acid (B5) DEFICIENCY |
i. Symptoms: general failure of all the body’s systems and include fatigue, GI distress, and neurological disturbances. Deficiency is rare
ii. No toxic effects have been reported (not listed on review sheet) |
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Describe the following
Vitamin B6 FUNCTION |
● Amino acid metabolism- Used essentially to make non-essential a.a. Without B6, you could not make nonessential a.a.
● Also used to make neurotransmitters (serotonin). ● Energy metabolism- break down of glucose ● Hemoglobin synthesis |
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Describe the following
Vitamin B6 FOOD SOURCES |
● Meats and beans, grains (enriched), veggies (potatoes, acorn, squash, legumes), fruit (watermelons and bananas), and seeds
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Describe the following
Vitamin B6 DEFICIENCY |
● Rare
● Symptoms- inflammation of skin, insomnia (not enough neurotransmitters like serotonin), anemia- called microcytic hypochromic (low red blood cells) (means small cells, lack of color) ● Vulnerable population- In alcoholics and elderly |
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Describe the following
Vitamin B6 TOXICITY |
● nerve damage. Can be reversible. there has been reported cases of irreversible nerve damage
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Describe the following
Folic acid (Folate) FUNCTION |
○ Red blood cell replacement, amino acid synthesis, DNA synthesis(rapidly growing and dividing cells - fetus, embryonic cells), gastrointestinal tract cell replacement
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Describe the following
Folic acid (Folate) FOOD SOURCE |
○ Food sources-
■ Vegetables(foilage)- Legumes, Broccoli, Asparagus, Avocado ■ Fruit-Orange/Orange Juice ■ Grains-Enriched ■ Folic-“Foliage” Green leafy vegetables ■ Beans/legumes ○ Synthetic versus food bioavailability- Synthetic - vitamin supplement, fortified foods, enriched grains Synthetic is 70% better absorbed than natural ******high levels of Folic acid can mask a deficiency of vitamin B12 |
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Describe the following
Folic acid (Folate) DEFICIENCY |
○ Older population is particularly vulnerable.
■ Deficiency comes as a result of increased needs (accidents resulting in loss of RBC), possibly impaired absorption, decreased intake, and anti-cancer induced drugs (chemotherapy) ■ Needs are increased during first months pregnancy |
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Describe the following
Folic acid (Folate) SYMPTOMS |
1. Macrocytic hyperchromic anemia - large and more colored cells a sign of them being immature. Bone marrow sends out RBC prematurely.
2. GI tract deterioration a. cells only last three days in GI tract, so new ones need to be made constantly with the help of Folic Acid |
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Describe the following
Folic acid (Folate) SUPPLEMENTATION |
i. synthetic in vitamin supplements and fortified food (enriched grains)
ii. natural in the normal food iii. synthetic is better absorbed than natural iv. Pregnancy and Neural tube defects 1. a bubble appears in the spinal cord of a child 2. Spina bifida: spinal column did not develop properly for child during first month of pregnancy when it is formed. Paralysis of lower body can occur 3. the child will survive but decreased intelligence 4. Women with a genetic predisposition for spina bifida can have chances reduced by 75% with folic acid 5. can have hydrocephalus (water in the brain) causing brain to swell 6. some babies are born without brain (don’t survive) |
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1. List food sources of calcium.
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a. Dairy Products
b. Tofu (calcium-set) c. Kale/other greens d. Broccoli e. Blackstrap Molasses f. Fortified foods / beverages g. Sardines h. Legumes |
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1. Describe the effect of menopause on bone loss in women.
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a. The reason behind this loss of bone mass is due to the fact that in menopause- the ovaries stop producing the estrogen, which is necessary for keeping the bones strong.
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a. Estrogen: is a hormone that plays an important role in helping increase calcium absorption. After menopause, estrogen levels drop and so may calcium absorption. Hormone replacement therapy has been shown to increase the production of vitamin D thus increasing calcium absorption.
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1. How can an aging individual maintain his/her bone density with lifestyle?
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a. physical fitness (weight bearing exercises)
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1. What are the benefits and pitfalls of calcium supplementation?
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a. benefits
i. supplies calcium 1. lactose intolerant 2. vegans 3. milk allergies |
a. pitfalls
i. supplements may contain 1. heavy metals 2. vitamin D ii. high intake 1. inhibits absorption of other minerals 2. excess blood calcium (> 4x Al) 3. constipation 4. kidney stones |
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1. How should one supplement with calcium to assure maximum absorption?
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a. high % of calcium (calcium carbonate has 40% calcuim)
b. easily absorbable calcium (calcium citrate is most absorbable) c. supplement between meals d. low dose supplements |
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1. What are the functions of magnesium and phosphorus in the body?
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a. Phosphorus
i. Major buffer system ii. Part of DNA/RNA iii. Assists in energy metabolism (making of ATP) iv. Part of cell membranes as part of some lipids v. mineralization of bones and teeth |
a. Magnesium
i. bone mineralization ii. helps make proteins iii. energy metabolism iv. enzyme action v. muscle contraction vi. nerve impulse transmission vii. maintenance of teeth viii. functioning of immune system |
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1. List food sources for magnesium and phosphorus.
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a. Phosphorus
i. Found in most foods ii. best found in foods rich with proteins iii. All animal sources |
a. Magnesium
i. legumes, seeds and nuts ii. leafy, green vegetables iii. whole grains iv. seafood |
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1. Under what conditions can one experience a deficiency of magnesium or phosphorus?
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a. Deficiency of phosphorus is unlikely
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a. Deficiency of magnesium may be caused by
i. alcohol abuse ii. protein malnutrition iii. kidney disorders iv. prolonged vomiting and diarrhea v. impaired central nervous system activity |
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1. List sources of iron.
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● Meat, fish, poultry
● legumes ● eggs ● grains ● dark greens ● some fruits ● contamination |
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1. Under what conditions are iron supplements appropriate?
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a. they are appropriate for people who are iron deficient and recommended to those who are pregnant, are infants and to young children
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1. Discuss iron poisoning (cause and symptoms) in children.
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○ when children take in 11 tablets of flinstones, the amount of iron in it can be hazardous to a child (massive dose)
○ some vitamins come in gummy form. basically vitamin candy. dangerous because child can easily eat too many. ○ symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, rapid heart rate, respiratory shock |
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1. Describe hemochromatosis and list symptoms associated with it.
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genetic failure to prevent unneeded iron from being absorbed due to the absence or ineffectiveness of the hormone hepcidin
a. may also be caused by iron supplements and repeated blood transfusions |
a. Symptoms include apathy, lethargy, fatigue, tissue damage (worst in alcoholics)
b. Increases the risks of heart disease, diabetes, liver cancer and arthritis |
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List causes and symptoms of iron overload.
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CAUSES
Hemochromatosis, Repeated Blood Transfusions, Massive Doses of iron, Damage to GI Tract |
● Symptoms: lethargy, fatigue, tissue damage, increased infection
● hemosiderosis- deposits of iron-storage protein hemosiderin in the liver, heart, joints, and other tissues |
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1. Describe zinc’s function in the body.
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● help enzymes work (cofactor), involved in growth, maturation of sexual organs, storage or release function of insulin, taste acuity, immunity (white blood cells)
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1. What dietary factors decrease zinc absorption?
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○ phytates, fiber, high iron intake
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1. List sources of zinc.
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○ high protein food like meat fish poultry, legumes, whole grains, nuts
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1. Describe causes and symptoms associated with zinc deficiency.
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○ Causes: low intake, low absorption rate, increased needs (children, pregnant)
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○ Symptoms: decreased growth, sexual maturation, decreased taste, slow healing, increased infection
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1. Describe the cause and symptoms of zinc toxicity.
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○ UL: 40 mg / day
○ 2-3 times the RDA can decrease absorption of iron & copper ○ 10 times the RDA: alters lipid profile, accelerates arteriosclerosis |
○ Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, headache
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1. Are zinc lozenges effective at preventing the common cold?
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○ research say “it may decrease common cold by a day” but there’s not one fact it actually does
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1. What does USP mean on vitamin supplements?
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a. US Pharmacopia - similar to RDA
i. Dissolve easily in your stomach ii. Are at appropriate levels |
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1. Are vitamins better absorbed from a supplement than food?
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a. Not as bio available as foods, better to get from foods than supplements.
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1. What is the meaning of natural or organic for vitamin supplements?
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a. Ignore claims of natural and organic, they have NO MEANING!!
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ergogenic aid
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substances or techniques used in an attempt to enhance physical performance
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Describe the benefits / risks of the following ergogenic aids:
i. Creatine phosphate |
1. a nitrogen-containing compound that combines with phosphate to perform the high-energy compound creatine phosphate in muscles.
2. claims that creatine enhances energy use and muscle strength need further confirmation - could be useful in activities where short bursts of energy are required, like short sprints or weight lifting. |
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Describe the benefits / risks of the following ergogenic aids:
i. Caffeine |
1. a natural stimulant found in many common foods and beverages, including coffee, tea and chocolate
2. may enhance endurance by stimulating fatty acid release 3. high doses causes headaches, trembling, rapid heart rate, and other undesirable side effects |
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Describe the benefits / risks of the following ergogenic aids:
i. Human growth hormone (hGH) |
1. a hormone produced by the brain’s pituitary gland that regulates normal growth and development; also called somatotropin
2. some athletes misuse this hormone to increase their height and strength |
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Describe the benefits / risks of the following ergogenic aids:
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) |
1. hormones made in the adrenal glands that serve as a precursors to the male hormone testosterone
2. falsely promoted as burning fat, building muscle, and slowing aging 3. side effects include acne, aggressiveness, and liver enlargement |
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Describe the benefits / risks of the following ergogenic aids:
i. Anabolic steroids |
1. drugs related to the male sex hormone, testosterone, that stimulate the development of lean body mass
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Which vitamins are involved in bone growth and maintenance?
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vitamin A, D,K
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Which vitamins are antioxidants?
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vitamin E, vitamin A, vitamin C
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What vitamins are most toxic at high levels?
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vitamin D, E, A, vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6, vitamin C
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What vitamins are involved in DNA synthesis?
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folic acid, vitamin B12
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What vitamins are involved in protein/amino acid metabolism?
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vitamin B6, vitamin B12, Biotin, Vitamin C,
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2. List vitamins that are provided in the following foods:
a. Meat and beans |
i. Water Soluble: Thiamin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Folate
ii. Fat Soluble: Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin K |
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2. List vitamins that are provided in the following foods: Dairy
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i. Water Soluble: Calcium, Riboflavin, Vitamin B12, Biotin
ii. Fat Soluble: Vitamin A, Vitamin D |
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2. List vitamins that are provided in the following foods:
a. Fruits |
i. Water Soluble: Vitamin B6, Folate, Thiamin, Vitamin C, Niacin
ii. Fat Soluble: Vitamin A |
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2. List vitamins that are provided in the following foods:
Vegetables |
i. Water Soluble: Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folic Acid, Riboflavin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin C
ii. Fat Soluble: Vitamin A, Vitamin E, Vitamin K |
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2. List vitamins that are provided in the following foods:
a. Grains |
i. Water Soluble: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Biotin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Folate
ii. Fat Soluble: Vitamin E (whole grains only) |
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1. List vitamins that are provided in the following foods:
Oils |
Vitamin E (Fat solubility)
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1. What factors influence bioavailability of minerals?
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Binders
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a. chemical compounds in foods that combine with nutrients to form complexes the body cannot absorb
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1. Describe how mineral salts dissociate in water?
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a. mineral salts and water both are polar compounds; the negative end of the mineral salt is attracted to the positive hydrogen atom of water, while the positive end of the mineral salt is attracted to the electronegative oxygen atom of water
b. dissociate into positive and negative ions |
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1. List the functions of sodium in the body.
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a. fluid balance
b. nerve impulse transmissions c. muscle contraction d. acid-base balance |
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1. How is sodium involved in fluid balance? Where is most of the sodium located in fluid compartments of the body?1. How is sodium involved in fluid balance? Where is most of the sodium located in fluid compartments of the body?
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a. sodium is the main cation outside cells, it is the primary regulator of extracellular fluid
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1. From what sources do we obtain water in our diets? How much water should we drink each day?
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a. from water itself, other beverages, and foods
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a. 2 to 3 Liters of water/day for those with a 2000 kcal diet
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1. Under what conditions do individuals experience sodium deficiency? Describe symptoms of sodium deficiency.
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a. diarrhea, vomiting, heavy sweating
b. muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite |
c. hyponatremia- condition of having too little sodium in the blood
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1. What kinds of foods supply most of the sodium in our diets?
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a. Processed foods (over 75%)
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1. Compare the average daily intake of sodium to the tolerable upper limit of sodium. Discuss ways to decrease the level of sodium in the diet?
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a. The average daily intake of sodium exceeds the tolerable upper limit of sodium
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a. DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) that is low in sodium, abundant in potassium-rich fruits, vegetables, and calcium-rich low-fat milk
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1. How does high intake of sodium affect blood pressure and bone health?
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a. Blood pressure increases with excess salt intake
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a. In bone health it has to do with an increased calcium excretion
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1. Under what conditions do individuals experience sodium toxicity? Describe symptoms of sodium toxicity.
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a. Prolonged excessive intakes of salt
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a. Edema, acute hypertension
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1. List the functions of potassium in the body.
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a. Major cation in the cells
i. fluid and electrolyte balance ii. muscle contraction/nerve function b. blood pressure c. bone health |
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1. Where is most of the potassium located in the fluid compartments of the body?
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a. inside the cells (intracellular)
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1. How do potassium and sodium interact in muscle contraction and nerve transmission?
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a. sodium and potassium are switched back and forth across the cell membrane and then again to control muscle contraction and nerve transmission
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1. How does potassium affect blood pressure and bone health?
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a. there must be a high potassium amount and a low sodium amount for blood pressure to be okay
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The role of potassium in bone health relates to the ability of selected potassium salts to neutralize bone-depleting metabolic acids. These acids “eat away” at bone, much like acid rain eats away at a limestone statue. It is, however, largely neutralized by potassium.
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1. List food sources of potassium. Why do potassium levels decrease in foods that are processed with sodium?
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a. sources:
i. fruits ii. vegetables iii. dairy iv. meats and beans v. grains |
Potassium levels in processed foods are lowered by the addition of sodium as a preservative.
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Under what conditions do individuals experience potassium deficiency? Describe symptoms of potassium deficiency.
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a. Increased loss due to vomiting or diuretics or decreased intake
b. salt sensitivity c. kidney stones d. bone turnover |
a. Symptoms are irregular heartbeats, muscle weakness and glucose intolerance
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1. Under what conditions do individuals experience potassium toxicity? Describe symptoms of potassium toxicity
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a. potassium toxicity arises from potassium salts and supplements
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a. symptoms are muscular weakness, vomiting, and stopping of the heart if directly injected into a vein
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Describe the functions of calcium in the body?
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1. Bone:
- Bone strength - Reservoir for calcium |
Blood:
- Muscle contraction - Nerve transmission - Blood clotting - Cofactor - Bone - Blood pressure - Cell metabolism |
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Where is most of the calcium in the body found?
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Our bones
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1. List factors that increase calcium absorption. List factors that decrease calcium absorption.
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a. Increase are
i. Vitamin D ii. Lactose (in infants only) iii. Growth or pregnancy iv. hormones v. Low Calcium intake vi. Stomach acidity - makes calcium more soluble so absorption will increase |
a. Decrease
i. Vitamin D deficiency ii. Phytates (in seeds, nuts, grains) 1. Phytates are substances found in some plant foods that can bind calcium in the intestine and decrease its absorption. Phytates, unlike oxalic acid, will bind the calcium from other food sources consumed at the same meal. iii. Oxylates (in beet greens, rhubarb, spinach, sweet potatoes) iv. High fiber |
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1. Under what conditions can one experience a toxicity of magnesium? What are toxicity symptoms of magnesium?
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a. magnesium toxicity is rare, but can be fatal
b. the Upper level applies only to nonfood sources such as supplements or magnesium salts c. toxicity symptoms: i. diarrhea ii. alkalosis iii. dehydration |
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1. What is a primary function of fluoride in the body?
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● strengthening bones and teeth, increase the strength of the enamel so they are less susceptible to acid
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1. What are some sources of fluoride in the diet?
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a. fluoridated water
b. fish/seaweed c. tea |
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1. Describe a deficiency symptom of fluoride.
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○ inadequate intake - increased tooth decay
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1. Describe a public health measure that is used to strengthen teeth and prevent cavities.
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a. fluoride in water/ tooth paste containing fluoride
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1. Describe symptoms associated with excessive intake of fluoride?
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○ fluorosis
■ mottled teeth (child), discoloring ■ skeletal - weaken your bones |
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1. What is the primary function of chromium in the body?
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a. enhances activity of insulin
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1. What are some food sources of chromium?
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a. food - whole grains, nuts, organ meats (like liver?)
b. supplements - chromium picolinate (Claim: can build up your muscles and make you lose weight - FALSE) |
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1. What symptom is associated with chromium deficiency?
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a. high blood glucose
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1. Discuss whether claims that chromium promotes weight loss and bulking muscle are true.
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a. FALSE
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Describe the following
Vitamin B12 a. Functions |
a. amino acid metabolism, DNA synthesis, maintains nerve sheath (insulating sheath so nerves can conduct electrical impulses)
i. Activation of Folic acid and DNA synthesis: DNA synthesis requires both B12 and Folic acid. Cleaving of a methyl group in Folic acid activates the vitamin for DNA synthesis. Addition of the methyl group to Vitamin B12 activates the vitamin. The two vitamin works together. |
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Describe the following
Vitamin B12 Food sources- |
i. animal products and beans
ii. dairy groups iii. beans, egg, fish, poultry b. Synthetic B12 is not bound to a protein and is better absorbed by body. |
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Describe the following
Vitamin B12 Deficiency |
i. Cause -
1. decrease absorption 2. of HCl which causes less B12 absorbed in stomach 3. decrease intrinsic factor (a glycoprotein - a protein with short polysaccharide chains attached - secreted by the stomach cells that binds with B12 in small intestine to aid in the absorption of B12) 4. B12 liberated by HCl from its binding proteins. Cells in stomach secrete intrinsic factors - binds to B12 in small intestines for it to be absorbed. |
i. Symptoms -
1. Atrophic Gastritis a. inflammation of stomach-damage of cells in stomach. i. many people don’t even realize they have it ii. decreases HCl and intrinsic factors - due to helicobacter pylori causing ulcers in the stomach 2. Pernicious Anemia /“Wicked anemia” - same in folic acid deficiency a. macrocytic hyperchromic - abnormally large and immature red blood cells 3. nerve damage a. because its involved in the covering of nerves ii. Vulnerable populations 1. vegans 2. elderly due to decrease in HCl production in the stomach |
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1. Describe the absorption, distribution and recycling of iron in the body. What percent of iron goes to the bone marrow? What percentage of iron is recycled?
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a. Iron is absorbed into the small intestine and is stored there by the protein ferritin.
b. when the body needs iron it is released to the transport protein transferrin c. if it is not needed then it is shed from intestinal cells and excreted d. MFP, vitamin C and some sugars and acids promote non heme iron absorption e. when red blood cells are degraded the iron in them is attached to a transferrin by the liver and transported back to the bone marrow f. about 75-80% of iron goes to the bone marrow to be used for red blood cell formation g. about 90% of iron in body is recycled |
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1. How is amount of iron regulated in the body?
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a. ferritin - iron-storage protein that gets iron from food and stores it in the cells of the small intestine
b. transferrin- iron is released to this iron transport protein and delivered to the bone marrow and other tissues c. hemosiderin- storage protein that allows excess iron (during iron overload) to be stored here and released as needed (releases slower than ferritin) d. hepcidin- hormone produced by the liver and helps maintain blood iron within the normal range by limiting absorption by small intestine and release by liver, spleen and bone marrow |
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1. What is the difference between heme and non-heme iron and in what foods are they found? Which iron is better absorbed? Which iron provides the most iron in the diet?
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○ Heme found in only animal products is apart of absorption; 30% well absorbed but not much in the diet.
○ Non-heme: found in muscle meat and plants: well absorbed but not much of it. 2-20%, a lot more in the DIET. ● MFP factor (meat, fish & poultry) increases absorption of non heme ● Vitamin c increases absorption ● acids also increases absorption (stomach acid) DECREASES Absorption ● Phytates ● tannic acids/polyphenols - coffee, tea, wine ● calcuim in milk ● vegetable proteins; soy proteins, legumes etc. ○ 90 percent of iron is recycled. Do not need a lot of iron ○ liver carries short storage of ferritine of Iron |
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List environmental factors that increase / inhibit the absorption of non-heme iron.Describe causes and symptoms of iron deficiency. Which populations are vulnerable to iron deficiency? Why does the United States have less iron deficiency than other countries?
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a. factors that increase absorption of non-heme
i. MFP factor (meat, fish, poultry) ii. Vitamin C iii. Acids b. factors that decreases/inhibit absorption of non-heme i. phytates/oxylates/fibers ii. tannic acid (polyphenols) iii. excess mineral intake |
a. causes: i. blood loss ii. decreased intake iii. increased needs (pregnancy/growth) b. symptoms: i. anemia (microcytic, hypochromic) ii. fatigue iii. weakness iv. headache v. poor tolerance to cold vi. pica (craving for non-food items) c. vulnerable populations: women especially child bearing, and growing children d. U.S. has less iron deficiency b/c we have fortified enriched foods, vitamin supplements, oral contraceptives (decrease menstrual flow) |
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1. What is hyponatremia and under what conditions does it occur?
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a. hyponatremia: a decreased concentration of sodium in the blood
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when athletes lose sodium through heavy sweating and consume excessive amounts of liquids
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1. Describe the action of retinal in vision, and include in your description opsin, rhodopsin, cis-retinal, trans-retinal
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○ Some of the photosensitive cells of the retina contain pigment molecules called rhodopsin; each rhodopsin molecule is composed of a protein called opsin bonded to a molecule of retinal. When light passes through the cornea of the eye and strikes the retina, rhodopsin responds by changing shape and becoming bleached. As it does, the retinal shifts from a cis to trans configuration. The bleached trans retinal cannot remain bonded to opsin. Retinal is released, thereby disturbing the membrane of the cell and generating electrical impulses that travel along the cells length. At the other end of the cell, the impulse is transmitted to a nerve cell, which conveys the message to the brain.
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1. What are carotenoids? Which carotenoids are converted to vitamin A? Which carotenoids are antioxidants? In what types of foods are carotenoids found?
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a. Carotenoids - pigment in foods derived from plants
b. Cartenoids w/ vitamin A activity include: Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin. c. Beta-carotene can split to form retinol. Some beta-carotene can act as an antioxidant, protecting the body against disease. d. Diet rich in fruits and vegetables containing beta-carotene and other carotenoids helps to defend against some cancers. i. red and yellow pigments of plants? ii. dark leafy greens (spinach) iii. rich yellow or deep orange fruits and vegetables |
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1. Describe the cause and symptoms of night blindness.
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In night blindness, caused by vitamin A deficiency, the retina does not receive enough retinal to regenerate the visual pigment bleached by light at night or to see after the lights go out. The person loses the ability to promptly recover from temporary blinding that follows a flash of bright light.
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What types of cells are affected by vitamin A deficiency? What do these cells secrete when deficient in vitamin A? What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?
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On the body’s outer surface, the epithelial cells change shape and begin to secrete the protein keratin (protein in hair and nails) the skin becomes dry, rough and scaly as lumps of keratin accumulate (keratinization). Without vitamin A, goblet cells in GI tract diminish in number and activity, limiting secretion of mucus. With less mucus, normal digestion and absorptions of nutrients falter causing malnutrition. In addition weakened defense to diseases.
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1. Describe the cause and symptoms of Vitamin A toxicity. At what level of supplementation is vitamin A toxicity likely? What are the risks associated with high intake of vitamin A during pregnancy?
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a. Occurs when concentrated amounts of performed vitamin A in foods derived from animals, fortified foods or supplements is consumed. Symptoms begin to develop when all the binding proteins are swamped, and free vitamin A damages the cell. High intakes (10,000 IU) of supplemental vitamin A daily, before seventh week of pregnancy appear to be most damaging. This leads to abnormal cell death in the spinal cord which increases the risk of birth defects.
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a. weakens bones and contributes to fractures and osteoporosis.
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1. How may higher levels of vitamin A supplementation affect bones in older adults?
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a. excessive intake may weaken bones and contribute to fractures and osteroporosis.
b. Vitamin A suppresses bone building activity, and stimulates bone-dismantling activity c. interferes with Vitamin D’s ability to maintain normal blood calcium |
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1. Describe the drug Accutane.
Why do doctors require female patients to use birth control while taking Accutane? |
○ Accutane is made from vitamin A but is chemically different. Taken orally, Accutane is effective against the deep lesions of cystic acne. It is highly toxic especially during growth and has been known to cause birth defects in women taking it during pregnancy. For this reason, women must take two effective forms of contraception at least one month after discontinuing its use.
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1. How does vitamin D function as a hormone in gene regulation and cell differentiation? Describe the various roles of vitamin D in the body.
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Vitamin D can suppress or enhance the activity of genes that regulate cell growth (in tissues) which is valuable in treating many diseases such as tuberculosis, inflammation, sclerosis, hypertension, and some cancer
a. Vitamin D has binding proteins that carry it to the targeted organs - usually intestines, kidneys or bones which responds by making minerals needed for bone growth and maintenance available b. calcium and phosphorus level regulation c. immunity - increase phagocytic activity of macrophages d. muscles - has a role in muscle strength; lack of vitamin D causes osteomalacia which can lead to proximal muscle weakness/pain e. reproduction - can reduce complications of pregnancy and birth defects |
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1. When calcium is adequate in the diet, on which target tissue does active vitamin D act primarily?
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a. Vitamin D enhances the absorption in the small intestine
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1. Describe how active vitamin D and parathyroid hormone work together to raise blood calcium when levels are low.
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a. parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormones to increase Vitamin D activation in the kidneys which then regulates the kidney to decrease the excretion of calcium, increase the absorption of calcium in the small intestines, and increase the release of calcium deposits from the bone which in turn raises the calcium levels in the body
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1. What percentage of dietary calcium is absorbed when normal amounts of vitamin D are present in the body?
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a. About 30% of the calcium ingested is what is absorbed by adults.
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1. Explain how the body synthesizes vitamin D from sun exposure on the skin.
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a. Ultraviolet rays from the sun hit the precursor(cholesterol) in the skin and convert it to previtamin D3. This compound diffuses from the skin into the blood and is converted to its active form with the help of the body’s heat. which then goes to the liver where a hydroxyl group is added. then it goes to the kidney where another hydroxyl group is added. it is now a complete active Vitamin D
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1. Under what conditions are longer sun exposures needed for production of vitamin D?
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a. people with darker skin pigment require more exposure because the dark pigments in the skin provide a protection from the sun’s damage and reduce Vitamin D synthesis.
b. depending on location, season, time of the day, also have dramatic effect on vitamin D synthesis and status c. if you live in polluted and concentrate areas like busy cities NYC, Houston etc. d. elderly |
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1. Describe how the body activates vitamin D.
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a. with the previtamin D3, it is diffused into the blood where it is converted into its active form with the help of the body’s heat.
b. through the addition of hydroxyl group in the liver and then another hydroxyl group in the kidney, the result produces an active Vitamin D |
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1. List food sources of vitamin D.
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a. ultraviolet rays from the sun
b. milk c. oily fish - salmon, mackerel, sardines d. fortified milk or cereal |
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1. Name the illness associated with vitamin D deficiency in children and adults and describe symptoms for both populations. What populations are vulnerable to deficiency?
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a. Rickets - vitamin D deficiency disease in children characterized by inadequate mineralization of bone
i. symptoms - manifested in bowed legs or knock-knees, outward-bowed chest, and knobs on ribs ii. world wide, rickets is extremely high affecting more than half of the children in countries such as Tibet, Mongolia, and the Netherlands iii. black children or adolescents - especially in females or overweight teens b. Osteomalacia - a bone disease characterized by softening of the bones i. symptoms - bending of the spine and bowing of the legs ii. most often occurs in women c. Osteoporosis - any failure to synthesize Vitamin D or obtain enough from foods sets the stage for loss of calcium from bones which can result in fractures d. elderly |
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1. Describe the cause and symptoms of vitamin D toxicity.
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a. amounts of vitamin D supplied by the skin and found in food are well within the safe limits, but supplements containing Vitamin D are very dangerous
b. excessive Vitamin D leads to increase the concentration of blood calcium level. Excess blood calcium tends to precipitate in the soft tissues, forming stones especially in the kidneys. (Kidney stones) c. Too much calcium may harden blood vessels and are especially dangerous in the major arteries of the brain, heart, and lungs where it can cause death. |
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1. List the best food sources for vitamin E.
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a. Most comes from fats and oils
b. much comes from vegetable oils and other products made from it like margarine and salad dressing, seeds, nuts c. wheat germ oil d. easily destroyed by heat, so fresh or lightly processed foods are preferable sources |
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1. What drug is enhanced by high intakes of vitamin E. What effect does this have in the body?
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a. enhance the effects of drugs used to oppose blood clotting
b. causes hemorrhage c. enhances anticoagulant drugs that increase bleeding |
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1. What are the primary functions of vitamin K in the body?
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a. vitamin K is essential for the activations of several proteins that are involved in blood clotting
b. metabolism of bone proteins |
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1. Is vitamin K deficiency common or rare? Under what conditions can vitamin K deficiency occur? What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?
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a. rare deficiency
b. it can occur when you decrease intake of vitamin K and increase intake of antibiotics which end up killing bacteria that produces vitamin K. c. fat malabsorption d. symptoms - i. hemorrhage (blood clotting), when an artery or vein is cut or broken, bleeding goes unchecked |
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1. Why do infants receive a dose of vitamin K at birth?
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a. Vitamin K is not transferred through the placenta
b. so all newborns are born with a sterile intestinal tract and the vitamin K producing bacteria takes weeks to establish themselves in the babies c. given to prevent hemorrhagic disease |
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1. What effect does high levels of vitamin K have on anticoagulant drugs?
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a. can reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs used to prevent blood clotting
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1. What are the major foods and non-food sources of vitamin K?
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a. about ½ of vitamin K is made in the GI tract (bacterial synthesis; bacteria in your gut), the other half comes from the food intake
b. liver, green leafy vegetables (cabbage family) c. milk and eggs has some d. vegetable oils |
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1. What is osteocalcin and what is its function in bone? How does vitamin K affect osteocalcin?
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a. osteocalcin - a calcium/mineral binding protein in the bones
b. function - vitamin K helps osteocalcin bind to the minerals that normally form bones, resulting in high bone density; helps decrease bone turnover and protects from fractures c. without vitamin K, osteocalcin cannot bind to the necessary minerals; |
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1. What are ions? What are cations and anions? If a mineral ion has a positive charge of 1, how many protons versus electrons does it have?
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a. ions are positively or negatively charged particles
b. cations are positive; anions are negative c. it has one more proton than electron |
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1. What minerals are involved with growth and maintenance of bone.
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a. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
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1. Describe the mechanisms used to correct dehydration in the body. In your description explain how the body detects dehydration and tries to conserve and increase fluid intake.
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a. Blood volume or blood pressure too low or extracellular fluid too concentrate è hypothalamus signals pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
b. ADH stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water and excrete less, also triggers thirst è you drink more water c. Kidneys release enzyme renin, causing kidneys to reabsorb sodium (which is accompanied by water), also initiates production of angiotension 2 d. Angiotensin 2 - vasoconstrictor, narrows diameters of blood vessels to increase blood pressure, stimulates release of aldosterone and ADH e. Aldosterone – signals kidneys to excrete potassium and retain more sodium (which is accompanied by water) |
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1. What are the major minerals in the body? What is the most abundant mineral in the body?
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a. Major minerals are the minerals that the body needs in large amounts. They are:
i. Sodium ii. Chloride iii. Potassium iv. Calcium v. Phosphorus vi. Magnesium vii. Sulfur |
a. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body
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1. What effect does life long inadequate intake of calcium have on the body? Does dietary calcium influence blood calcium?
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a. limits the bones’ ability to reach their optimal mass and density
b. osteoporosis: a disease in which the bones become porous and fragile due to a loss of minerals; also called adult bone loss c. most of the body’s calcium is in the bones where it provides a rigid structure and a reservoir of calcium for the blood d. blood calcium remains normal regardless of bone content i. even when calcium intake is inadequate, blood calcium remains normal, but at the expense of bone loss ii. the bones, not the blood, are robbed by a calcium deficiency |
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1. Describe osteoporosis and its cause. What risk factors are associated with developing osteoporosis?
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a. when bone losses reach the point of causing fractures under common everyday stresses-osteoporosis
b. porous bone c. symptoms: i. silent d. risk factors: i. aging ii. lifelong inadequate intake calcium iii. early menopause iv. vitamin D deficiency v. genetics/race- Caucasian / Asian vi. low body weight vii. smoking viii. alcohol abuse ix. lack of physical activity |
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● Describe causes and symptoms of iodide deficiency? What are goitrogens?
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a. Inadequate intake of iodine
b. goitrogens - inhibit the intake of iodine by the thyroid gland (found in foods like turnips, cabbage, brussel sprouts, and kale) |
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● Describe a public health measure that is used to prevent simple goiter in the US.
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a. Iodized salt
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● List food sources of iodide.
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a. ocean sea food
b. plant (high iodide soil) c. Most found in Iodized salt d. breads - because of dough conditions to make dough rise better e. dairy - used to wash out milk containers |
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Describe the symptoms of deficiency of iodide. What is cretinism?
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● Goiter
● weight gain ● sluggishness ● cretinism - if pregnant your fetus can suffer from this. (usually mentally retarded)Cretinism is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones (congenital hypothyroidism) due to maternal nutritional deficiency of iodine. |
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Describe cause and symptoms of iodide toxicity.
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● increased intake
● Hyperthyroid/HYPOthyroid - Your body will run at a higher level, MB will increase and you will need more calories. Not a good condition. Hypo - you have an increased chance of developing Goiter, metabolism decreases. ● Goiter |
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