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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How long does a blood cell live
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120 days
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What removes the dead red blood cell
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Spleen or liver
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What is the most abundant blood cell
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Leykocytes
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Leukocytes
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- Lack hemoglobin
- Has nucleus |
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5 Types of Leukocytes
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Granulocytes
- Neutrophilis - Basophils - Eosinophilis Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes - Monocytes |
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Granulocytes
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Leukocytes have covered granules
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Neutorphilis
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Destroys infection
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Basophilis
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Secreates histamine and neparin
- For allergic reactions |
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Eosinophilis
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Attacks parasites
- Removal of antigen- antibody complexes |
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Agranulocytes
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Colored Granules
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Lymphocytes
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Specific immunity
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Monocytes
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Call or turns into Macrophage
- Present antigens and activate other cells of the immune system. |
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Hemopoiesis
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Production of formed elements
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Hemostasis
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-stoppage of bleeding
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Why is Hemostasis Important
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important when blood vessels are damaged
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Three Stages of Hemostasis
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1.blood vessel spasm
2.platelet plug formation 3.blood coagulation. |
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blood vessel spasm
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The vasoconstriction reduces blood loss
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platelet plug formation
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Platelets go to the exposed collagen fibers of a vessel wall, forming a platelet plug.
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blood coagulation
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A clot forms as platelets and erythrocytes become enmeshed in fibrin threads
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During Platelet plug formation, what substance is released?
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cytoplasmic granules are released
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What do cytoplasmic Granules contain?
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which contain serotonin, a vasoconstrictor, and ADP and Thromboxane A2.
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Where is the heart located
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in the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
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Pericardium
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The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac
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parietal pericardium,
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outer layer
a tough layer of fibrous connective tissue and a thin moist serous layer. |
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What is visceral pericardium also known as
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Epicardium
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What is the visceral pericardium
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inner layer of the pericardium
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What does the Visceral Pericardium do
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Cover the surface of the heart
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What are three layers of the heart wall?
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epicardium, the myocardium, and the endocardium
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epicardium
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is the outermost layer of the heart wall. It consists of serous membrane.
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myocardium
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the thickest layer, is cardiac muscle tissue
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endocardium
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consists of simple squamous endothelium overlying a thin areolar tissue layer.
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THe right side of the heart pumps blood through the
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Lungs
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The left side of the heart pumps blood through the
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other parts of the body
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Conduction System
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transmits electrical impulses via specialized cardiac fibers, ensuring that the heart muscle contracts in a coordinated fashion.
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What initiates the heart beat
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SA node (the pacemaker)
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Name four steps of the conduction system
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1. SA node initates signal
2. Signal spreads though atria 3. AV node fires 4. Signal spreads through venticles |
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Where does action potentals original
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SA Node
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Action potientals are carried by
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Purnkie Fibers
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A normal ECG consists of a
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P wave, QRS complex, and T wave.
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P wave
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result of action potentials that cause depolarization of the atrial myocardium, signals the onset of atrial contraction
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QRS Complex
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results from ventricular depolarization and signals the onset of ventricular contraction.
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T wave
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repolarization of the ventricles and thus precedes ventricular relaxation.
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Electrocardiogram
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graphic display of Electrical currents of the heart's electrical activity
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Cardiac Cycle
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The heart's contractile activity results in pressure changes that propel blood through the circulatory system.
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Systole
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Contract
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Diastole
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Dialate
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Atrial systole
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is contraction of the atrial myocardium
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Atrial Diastole
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Relaxation of the atrial myocardium
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ventricular systole
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is contraction of the ventricular myocardium,
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ventricular diastole
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is relaxation of the ventricular myocardium.
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What does the sound Lub Represent?
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closing of the AV valves
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What does the sound Dub Represent?
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closing of semilunar valves.
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Valvular insufficiency
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is a condition in which the cusps of the valve do not form a tight seal when the valve is closed.
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Valvular stenosis
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is a condition that results from abnormal constriction of the valve's ability to open fully.
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What is commonly called a heart attack
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Myocardial infarction (leading causes of death)
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When does a Myocardial infarction occur
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when a coronary artery becomes obstructed, resulting in a blockage of the oxygen supply to a portion of the heart muscle.
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Tricupsid
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Located between the right atrium and ventricle
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Bicupsid
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Located between the left atrium and ventricle
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Which body cavity is the heart located in?
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Thoracic Cavity
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List the components of the cardiac conduction system in order
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SA node,
AV node AV Bundle Right n Left bundle fibers Perkinje fibers |
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what is the function of the coronary arteries?
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To supply the heart (myocardium) with oxygenated blood
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What is the cause of Heart attack?
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when the coronary artery is damaged. Resulting in a decrease of oxygenated blood.
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Some symptoms of myocardial infarction
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Shortness in breath
Tightness in the chest Nausea Pain in left shoulder |
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Starting at the surface of the heart name the order
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Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity Visceral pericardium Myocardium Endocardium |
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Which layer has the thickest myocardium layer
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Left Ventricle
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Mediastinum
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is a parition of the thoratcic cavity that holds the heart
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Baroceptors
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detect changes in blood pressure.
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Where are Baroceptors located
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in the aortic arch and carotid arteries
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What is the order of Transmission of electrical impulses through the heart
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SA node
AV node AV |
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The majority of ventricular filling occurs during?
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Quiescent period
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Cardiac output is equal to
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Heart rate x stroke volume
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End-systolic volume
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amount of blood remaining in the ventricle following ejection of blood
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What will increase stroke volume
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Increased contractility
Increased preload |
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During isovolumetric contraction
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AV valves are closed and semilunar valves are closed
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Blood vessels
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form a closed circuit that carries blood from heart to cells and back
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Arteries have
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Tunic media
Tunic interna Tunic externa |
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Veins have
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valves
endothelial cells Tunic media Tunic interna Tunic eterna |
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Capillaries have
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Endothelial cells
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Elastic artery
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Large artery ex. aorta
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Arteriole
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thickness of the muscular tunica media.
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What are the smallest arteries
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Arterioles
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What lead to capillary beds
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Arterioles
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What is composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium
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Capillaries
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Blood Pressure
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Force that blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels
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systolic pressure
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maximum pressure during ventricular contraction
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diastolic pressure
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ventricles relax (ventricular diastole), arterial pressure drops, and the lowest pressure that remains in the arteries before the next ventricular contraction
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Where is the vasometer located
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within the medulla oblongata
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Where are Chemoreceptors located
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in the Carotid bodies and the aortic bodies
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What do chemoreceptors detect
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blood pH, oxygen levels and carbondioxide levels.
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List five types of blood vessels in order leaving the left ventrficle to the right atrium
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artery
arterioles capillaries venules vein |
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Where are valves located
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in veins
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What is the purpose of a valve
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keep blood flowing in one direction
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Which layer of an artery or vein has the greatest quanity of smooth muscles
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Tunica media
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what type of blood vesself has a single layer of squamous epithelium
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Capillary
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In a resting adult, where is the greatest volume of blood located
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in the veins
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What gives a pulse feeling
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arteries
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Name the vessels in the correct order in which the drop of blood will pass through
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artery
arteriole capillary venule vein |
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What vessel has the lowest blood pressure
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veins
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What vessel has the lowest velocity of blood flow
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capillaries
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what do two sets of capillary beds help do
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differentiate portal systems from other circulatory routes.
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Blood colloid osmotic pressure
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is the primary force that promotes reabsorption of fluid within the capillaries
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The most inferior end of the abdominal aorta divides to form the
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common iliac arteries
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What is the percentage of Erythocytes in males
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5.4 million
range from 4.6-6.2 million |
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WHAT is the percentage of Erythocytes in females
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range from 4.2-5.4 million
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What is the percentage of plasma
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92%
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WHat is the percentage of water in plasma
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8%
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What is intrinsic
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chemicals in blood
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What is extrinsic
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damage
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In blood what is the percentage of plasma and formed elements
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55% plasma
45% formed elements |
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Percentage of Neutrophils
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60-70%
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Percentage of Basophilis
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0.5-1%
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Percentage of Eosoinphilis
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2-4%
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Percentage of Monocytes
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3-8%
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Percentage of Lymphocytes
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20-25%
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How many leukocytes per cubic mm
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5-10 thousand
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How many platelets per cubic mm
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12-300 thousand
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The most important function of albumin in the plasma is
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to maintain osmotic pressure.
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All of the formed elements of the blood are derived from
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stem cells.
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Hemoglobin molecules
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contain iron atoms.
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The two leukocytes that are most important for phagocytizing microorganisms and foreign substances are
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neutrophils and macrophages.
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What are the leukocytes that produce antibodies and other chemicals?
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lymphocytes
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The leukocytes that release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation are
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basophils
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What is required for clot formation
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calcium ions
B) clotting factors D) platelets E) vitamin K |
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what tests could indicate polycythemia?
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Red blood cell count
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Blood is a type of ________ tissue.
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connective
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The liquid component of blood with the clotting factors removed is the
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serum.
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Where exactly is the heart located
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The apex of the heart is directed anteriorly and to the left.
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Cardiac veins carry blood from the heart muscle to the
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coronary sinus.
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Arrange the events in the proper order as the depolarization phase, the plateau phase, and the repolarization phase of a muscle cell action potential occurs.
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Voltage-gated sodium ion channels open,
Voltage-gated calcium ion channels open, Voltage-gated potassium ion channels open |
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The abnormal heart rhythm that has a symptom of a heart rate of less than 60 bpm is
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bradycardia.
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Connective tissue strings that attach to the free margins of the atrioventricular valves that prevent the valves from opening into the atria are
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chordae tendineae.
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What increase in heart rate?
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epinephrine
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According to Starling's law of the heart,
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increased preload causes increased cardiac output.
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What vessel is LEAST affected by vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
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elastic arteries
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Veins greater than 2 mm in diameter have
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valves.
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The first artery to branch from the aortic arch is the
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brachiocephalic artery.
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the arrangement that lists the vessels in order going from the aorta to the brain.
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Brachiocephalic artery,
Right subclavian artery. Right vertebral artery, Basilar artery, 3Circle of Willis. |
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The artery that supplies blood to the small intestine and upper portion of the colon is the
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inferior mesenteric artery.
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What veins drains blood from the posterior thoracic wall, and delivers blood to the superior vena cava?
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azygos vein
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What veins is a deep vein?
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brachial vein
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What is the function of the peripheral circulation
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A) Exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases
B) Transport C) Regulation of blood pressure E) Directs blood flow |
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Whereas ______ mechanisms are most important for regulating mean arterial pressure on a short-term basis; ______ mechanisms are most important for regulating mean arterial pressure on a long-term basis.
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baroreceptor, hormonal
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To determine mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO) is multiplied by
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peripheral resistance.
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During ventricular diastole, pressure in the ventricles falls to ____ mm Hg, while the pressure within the large arteries is about ____ mm Hg.
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0, 80
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If a person has a systolic pressure of 100 mm Hg, and a diastolic pressure of 70 mm Hg, her pulse pressure is
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30 mm Hg.
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As blood flows through a capillary, ______ causes fluid to leave the capillary; whereas ______ causes fluid to enter the capillary.
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blood pressure, osmosis
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What are causes precapillary sphincters to relax?
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A) increase in CO2 in tissues
B) decrease in pH in tissues C) decrease in O2 levels in tissues D) decrease in glucose in tissues |
