Review For Biology Final

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Cytokinesis

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divison of the cell

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G-0 phase

Back 2

nerve muscle

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G-1 phase

Back 3

the period prior to the synthesis of DNA; All other somatic

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S-phase

Back 4

The period during which DNA is synthesized

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G-2 phase

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The period after DNA synthesis has occured but prior to the state of prophase; produce proteins and organelle, to complete cell

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polar fibers

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protein fibers that function during cytokinesis

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spindle fibers

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protein fibers that attach to the chromosome and seperate during anaphase

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Cell division

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a process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two or more cells, called daughter cells.

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gametes

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sex cells

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mitosis

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The process by which a cell divides and produces two daughter cells from a single parent cell.

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anaphase

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a stage in mitosis and meiosis where chromosomes begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell.

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chromosome

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Long, stringy aggregate of genes that carry heredity information and are formed from condensed chromatin.

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interphase

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A stage in the cell cycle when a cell doubles its cytoplasm and synthesizes DNA.

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prophase

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A stage in cell division when chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers form at opposite "poles" of the cell.

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metaphase

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A stage in cell division when chromosomes align along the metaphase plate in the center of the cell.

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telophase

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A stage in cell division when the nucleus of one cell is divided equally into two nuclei.

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cleavage furrow

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the thing that divides the cell

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binary fission

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the form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by prokaryotic organisms

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fertilization

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is fusion of gametes to produce a new organism of the same species.

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syngamy

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The fusion of two gametes to form a zygote.

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diploid cell

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A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes (one set donated from each parent).

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zygote

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is a cell that is the result of fertilization

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sexual reproduction

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characterized by processes that pass a combination of genetic material to offspring, resulting in diversity.

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haploid cell

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A cell containing one set of chromosomes.

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density-dependent inhibition

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describes the reduction in cell division

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somatic cell

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any cells forming the body of an organism

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tumor

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an abnormal swelling of the flesh.

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benign tumor

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a tumor that lacks all three of the malignant properties of a cancer

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malinant tumor

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a bad tumor

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asexual reproduction

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only needs one parent

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meiosis

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a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half

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contractile ring

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the mechanical agent of cytokinesis, made of actin microfilaments. It is located in the cortical cytoplasm and provides the necessary force to split a single cell into two cells

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interkinesis

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a period of rest that cells enter during meiosis

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Kinetochore fibers

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are microtubules that connect kinetochores to spindle polar fibers.

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Centrioles

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are cylindrical structures, found in animal cells, that are composed of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern.

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Centromere

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Chromosome region that joins two sister chromatids.

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gametogenesis

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is a process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes