Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the normal value range for Na?
|
-135 to 145 mEq/L
|
|
|
What is the normal value range for K?
|
-3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
|
|
|
What is the normal value range for Ca?
|
-8.5 to 10.5 mEq/L
|
|
|
What is the normal value range for Mg?
|
-1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L
|
|
|
What is the normal value range for Cl?
|
-95-105 mEq/L
|
|
|
What is the normal value range for PO4?
|
-1.8 to 2.6 mEq/L
|
|
|
Describe s & s of fluid volume deficit:
|
-Altered sensations
-Decreased skin turgor -Decreased urine output - ^ HR -Decreased BP - ^ urine specific gravity - ^ BUN/Creat - ^ Hct -Coma -Anxiety -Weakness |
|
|
Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen:
|
-Ascities
|
|
|
When ECF accumulates and becomes trapped in the interstitial space; the body cannot readily transport this fluid back in the circulation; fluid cannot be exchanged and it functionally unusable:
|
-Third-Space Syndrome
|
|
|
Describe s & s of fluid volume excess:
|
-Rapid weight gain
-Peripheral edema -Distended neck veins -Moist lungs-crackles -Ascities -Bounding pulse -Polyuria -Decreased BUN/Creat ratio -Decrease Hct |
|
|
What is the most abundant cation in ECF?
|
- Sodium
|
|
|
Describe some common causes of hyponatremia:
|
-Loss of GI fluid
-Use of diuretics -Adrenal insufficiency -Excessive admin of D5W |
|
|
Describe some common causes of hypernatremia:
|
-Deprivation of water
-Increased insensible loss (respirations and perspiration) -Water diarrhea -Ingestion of salt in unusual amounts -Excessive parenteral admin of Na solutions |
|
|
What is the most abundant cation in the ICF?
|
-Potassium
|
|
|
What electrolyte is vital for skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle activity, maintain acid-base balance, and contributes to intracellular enzyme reactions:
|
-Potassium
|
|
|
Describe common causes of hypokalemia:
|
-D & V
-Gastric suction -K-losing diruetics -Steroid admin -Poor intake -Osmotic diuresis |
|
|
Describe common causes of hyperkalemia:
|
-Decreased K excretion
-High K intake -Rapid or excessive admin of IV K -Acidosis -Renal failure -Crush injuries/burns (causes cells to release K and pt becomes toxic) |
|
|
Which electrolyte in found mostly in the skeletal system; regulated by the parathyroid hormone; and can be bound to Alb:
|
-Calcium
|
|
|
Describe some common causes of hypocalcemia:
|
-Alcoholism
-Chronic renal dz -Primary or surgical hypoparathyroidism -Pancreatitis -Inadequate Vit D consumption -Low serum Alb levels |
|
|
Describe some common causes of hypercalcemia:
|
-Malignant neoplastic dz
-Hyperparathryoidism -Prolonged immobilization -Paget's dz -Diuretic use (thiazides) |
|
|
What is the most abundant anion of the ICF; also found in bone, skeletal muscle, and nerve tissue; metabolism of protein, fat, and carbs, absorbed from the intestines:
|
-Phosphorus
|
|
|
Describe common causes of hypophosphatemia:
|
-TPN
-Diuretics -Acid-base imbalances |
|
|
Describe common causes of hyperphophatemia:
|
-Renal failure
-Fleet's enema abuse -**Chemotherapy*** -Large Vit D intake |
|
|
This electrolyte regulates muscle contractions, influences Ca levels; helps produce ATP production; most often given in pre-term labor:
|
-Magnesium
|
|
|
3 tsp = ?
|
-1 Tbsp
-15 mL -1/2 fl oz |
|
|
1 Tbsp = ?
|
-15 mL
-3 tsp -1/2 fl oz |
|
|
1 tsp = ?
|
-5 mL
|
|
|
1 fl oz = ?
|
-30 ml
-6 tsp -2 Tbsp |
|
|
1 kg = ?
|
- 2.2 lb
|
|
|
ABGs:
-When pH is decreased and PaCo2 is increased, what is occuring (respiratory or metabolic) (acidosis or alkalosis)? -How can you tell if it has been compensated? Uncompensated? |
-Respiratory Acidosis
-Compensated: if HCOs matches PaCO2 (both increased, kidneys have retained and therefore compensated) -Uncompensated: if HCO3 is normal (kidneys have not responded) |
|
|
ABGs:
-When both pH and PaCO2 are decreased, what is occuring (respiratory or metabolic) (acidosis or alkalosis)? --How can you tell if it has been compensated? Uncompensated? |
-Metabolic Acidosis
-Compensated: if PaCO2 matches pH (both decreased), the patient often develops Kussmaul repsirations and therefore the lungs are compensating -Uncompensated: if PaCO2 is normal, the lungs have not responded and therefore uncompensated |
|
|
ABGs:
-When both pH and PaCO2 are increased, what is occuring (respiratory or metabolic) (acidosis or alkalosis)? --How can you tell if it has been compensated? Uncompensated? |
-Metabolic Alkalosis
-Compensated: if PaCO2 is also increased, the lungs respond by decreasing respiration rate to increase plasma CO2 (acidity) -Uncompensated: if PaCO2 is normal, lungs have not responded (very rare) |
|
|
ABGs:
-When pH is increased and PaCo2 is decreased, what is occuring (respiratory or metabolic) (acidosis or alkalosis)? -How can you tell if it has been compensated? Uncompensated? |
-Respiratory Alkalosis
-Compensated: if HCO3 matches PaCO2 (both decreased), the kidneys have retained and therefore compensated -Uncompensated: if HCO3 is normal, the kidneys have not responded so therefore uncompensated |
|
|
-What is the normal blood pH value?
|
- 7.35-7.45
|
|
|
-What is the normal blood PaO2 level?
|
- 80-100 mm Hg
|
|
|
-What is the normal blood HCO3 level?
|
- 22-26 mEq/L
|
|
|
-What is the normal blood PaCO2 level?
|
- 35-45 mm Hg
|
|
|
-What is the normal blood O2 saturation % level?
|
- 96-100%
|
|
|
What are some causes and pathophysiology of Respiratory Alkalosis?
|
-Causes: Hyperventilation (most common)
-Patho: ^ CO2 excreation from hyperventilation; compensatory response of HCO3 (base) excretion by kidneys |
|
|
What are some causes and pathophysiology of Respiratory Acidosis?
|
-Causes: COPD, obesity, atelectasis, hypoventilation, respiratory muscle weakness
-Patho: CO2 retention from hypoventilation and poor O2 intake and poor CO2 excretion; compensatory response to HCO3 (base) retention by kidney |
|
|
What are some causes and pathophysiology of Metabolic Acidosis?
|
-Causes: DKA, lactic acidosis, starvation, severe diarrhea, renal failure, shock
-Patho: gain of fixed acid, inability to excrete acid or loss of base (diarrhea); compensatory response of CO2 excretion by lungs (Kussmaul respirations) |
|
|
What are some causes and pathophysiology of Metabolic Alkalosis?
|
-Causes: severe vomiting, excress gastric suctioning, diuretic therapy, K decrease
-Patho: loss of strong acid or gain of base; compensatory response of CO2 retention by lungs (decrease respiration rate) |
|
|
This problem with insulin therapy occurs as a rebound effect in which an overdose of insulin induces hypoglycemia; occurs during sleep when counterregulatory hormones are released at night, and stimulates lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycongenolysis which in return produces hyperglycemia and ketosis; in the am, BG levels are checked showing ^ BG and the pt ^ insulin dose; s & s include headaches, night sweats or nightmares; pt advised to check BG between 0200 and 0400 to determine if hypoglycemia is present and am dose will be reduce:
|
-Symogi Effect
|
|
|
This problem with insulin therapy is described as hyperglycemia that is present on awakening in the am due to the release of counterregulatory hormones in the predawn hours; tends to be most severe when growth hormone is at its peak in adolescence and young adulthood; treatment include pt to measure and document bedtime, 0200-0400, and am FBG levels on several occasions; if predawn levels are <60 and s&s are present = insulin dose is decreased; if predawn levels are high, ^ insulin dose; also encourage bedtime snack:
|
-Dawn Phenomenon
|
|
|
At what level is a fasting BG considered abnormal?
|
-> or = 160 mg/dl
|
|
|
At what level is a random BG considered abnormal?
|
-> or = 200 mg/dl but with symptoms
|
|
|
At what level is a OGTT considered normal?
|
- < 140 mg/dl
|
|
|
At what level is a OGTT considered impaired and possible prediabetic?
|
- 140-190 mg/dl
|
|
|
At what level is an OGTT considered impaired and a diagnosis of diabetes?
|
- > 200 mg/dl
|
|
|
What is a normal fasting BG?
|
- 70-120 mg/dl
|
|
|
If a BG is greater than 300 mg/dl and the pt is Type 1, what could the diagnosis be?
|
-DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis)
|
|
|
If a BG is greater than 600 mg/dl and the pt is Type 2, what could the diagnosis be?
|
-HHS (Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome)
|
|
|
What is a normal Hct for women? Men?
|
-Women: 35-47%
-Men: 42-52% |
|
|
What is the a normal Hgb for women? Men?
|
-Women: 12-15
-Men: 14-16.5 |
