Review 6

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

Persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information

Front 2

Dual processing

Back 2

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Front 3

Flashbulb memory

Back 3

unusually vivid memory of an emotionally important moment in one's life

Front 4

Tagged memory

Back 4

A memory of a sensation

Front 5

Filter theory

Back 5

Unimportant info is dropped and relevant information is encoded (Broadbent)

Front 6

Encoding

Back 6

First step in memory in which information is translated into some form that enables it to enter our memory system

Front 7

Storage

Back 7

Process by which encoded information is maintained over time

Front 8

Retrieval

Back 8

Process of bringing to consciousness information in the memory system

Front 9

Sensory memory

Back 9

Immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. George Sperling did research where he showed 9 letters for a fraction of a second. People could say 4 letters but knew there were a total of 9 in all

Front 10

Iconic memory

Back 10

Visual sensory memory which lasts no more than a few tenths of a second

Front 11

Echoic memory

Back 11

Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli which lasts about 3 or 4 seconds

Front 12

Short-term memory

Back 12

Conscious memory or working memory; can hold about 7 bits of information for a short time (George miller theory magic number seven plus or minus two)

Front 13

Long-term memory

Back 13

relatively permanent and unlimited capacity memory system into which information from short-term memory may pass

Front 14

Automatic processing

Back 14

Our unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency and of well-learned information

Front 15

Effortful processing

Back 15

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Front 16

Rehearsal

Back 16

Conscious, effortful repetition of information that you are trying either to maintain in consciousness or to encode for stroage

Front 17

Spacing effect

Back 17

Tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that massed study or practice

Front 18

Testing effect

Back 18

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading, information

Front 19

Serial position effect

Back 19

Tendency for items at the beginning and end of a list to be more easily retained than those in the middle

Front 20

Next-in-line effect

Back 20

Don't remember information presented because one was focused on own performance

Front 21

Von Restorff effect

Back 21

More likely to remember distinctive material

Front 22

Visual enconding

Back 22

Use of imagery to process information inot memory

Front 23

Acoustic encoding

Back 23

Processing of information into memory accoridng to its soudn

Front 24

Semantic encoding

Back 24

Processing of information into memory according to its meaning

Front 25

Imagery

Back 25

Mental pictures can be an important aid to effortful processing

Front 26

Mnemonics

Back 26

Memory aids (method of loci, acronyms, peg-words) which often use visual imagery

Front 27

Chunking

Back 27

Memory technique of organizing material into familiar , meaningful units

Front 28

Long term potentiation

Back 28

An increase in a synapse's firing potential following brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory

Front 29

Implicit memory

Back 29

Recall of skills, preferences, and dispositions; are processed bu the cerebellum

Front 30

Explicit memory

Back 30

Memories of facts, including names, images, and events; stored in the hippocampus

Front 31

Recall

Back 31

Measure of retention in which the person must remember, with few retrieval cues, information learned earlier

Front 32

Recognition

Back 32

Measure of retention in which one need only to identify previously learned information

Front 33

Relearning

Back 33

Measure of retention in that the less time it takes to relearn information, the more that information has been retained

Front 34

Priming

Back 34

Activation, often unconscious, of a web of associations in memory in order to retrieve a specific memory

Front 35

Deja Vu

Back 35

False sense that you have already experienced a situation

Front 36

Mood-congruent theory

Back 36

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood

Front 37

Proactive interference

Back 37

Disruptive effect of something you already have learned on your efforts to learn or recall new information. Old info gets in the way of new info.

Front 38

Retroactive interference

Back 38

Disruptive effect of something recently learned on old knowledge. New info gets in the way of old info.

Front 39

Misinformation effect

Back 39

Tendency of eyewitnesses to an event to incorporate misleading information about the event into their memories (Elizabeth Loftus)

Front 40

Amnesia

Back 40

Loss of memory

Front 41

Source amnesia

Back 41

Misattributing an event to the wrong source; the heart of many false memories

Front 42

Retrograde amnesia

Back 42

Loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia; typical of people who suffered a blow to the head. Can't remember old stuff.

Front 43

Anterograde

Back 43

Inability to form new long term memories due to destruction or damage to the hippocampus. Can't remember new things.

Front 44

Fugue

Back 44

Sudden travel away from memory typical of people under extreme stress

Front 45

Korsakoff's disease

Back 45

Vitamin B deficiency results in a loss of memory; alcoholics often suffer form this

Front 46

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Back 46

Mental illness that occurs due to the repression of a traumatic event (occurring most often in young females who were abused) causing the mind to create alter personalities; therapy is integration of the personalities

Front 47

Alzheimer's disease

Back 47

Progressive and irreversible brain disorder caused by deterioration of neurons that produce ACh and is characterized by a gradual loss of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning

Front 48

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Back 48

Father of memory; key principle is the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning; forgetting curve is the initial rapid decline of information then what remains will be remembered for a long time

Front 49

Craik and Lockhart

Back 49

Supported Ebbinghaus's principle in that the deeper the processing the more one retains

Front 50

Seven Sins of memory

Back 50

1. Absent mindedness

2. Transience (unused info fades)

3. Blocking (stored info inaccessible)

4. Misattribution (confuse source of info)

5. Suggestibility (leading question = false memory)

6. Bias (current feelings may alter initial feelings)

7. Persistence (unwanted memories continue)