Retinal Pathology

Front 1

Where does the fovea receive its blood supply?

Back 1

Posterior ciliary arteries which nourishes the choroid.

Front 2

What is the function of the Retinal pigment Epithelium?

Back 2

nourish the photoreceptors and minimizes internal reflectivity.

Front 3

What is indicative of floating objects in the field of vision, quick bright lights and a white ring by the fundus?

Back 3

Vitreal detachment

Front 4

What is in the sub-retinal space of a non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachemnt?

Back 4

Protein rich exudate

Front 5

What happens to the retina in patients with chronic retinal detachments?

Back 5

Loss of photoreceptor cells

Front 6

What are some of the treatments for retinal detachments?

Back 6

Vitrectomy, scleral buckling,

Front 7

What is a "cotton wool" infarct?

Back 7

Infarct and swelling of the nerve fiber layer

Front 8

What are some of the morphological changes seen in DM retinopathy?

Back 8

thickend basement membranse of cillary body, microanuerisms, cotton wool spots and hard exudates

Front 9

What is the mechanism of proliferative vascular retinopathy?

Back 9

upregulation of VEGF, formation of faulty vessels, which leads to exudates and edema in the outer plexiform layer

Front 10

What is Avastin?

Back 10

Anti VEGF antibody. Used for wet AMD, macular edema, and Retinopathy of prematurity

Front 11

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy can lead to what other condition?

Back 11

With a vitreal detachemnt, can cause a vitreous hemorrhage.

Front 12

What is the purpose of PRP?

Back 12

To kill peripheral ischemic tissue before it can produce VEGF.

Front 13

What is the treatment for Retinopathy of prematurity?

Back 13

PRP or Avastin

Front 14

What is the pathology of Sickle retinopathy?

Back 14

decreased oxygen saturation causes red cell deformity, which occuldes vasculature.

Front 15

What are some complications of Sickle retinopathy?

Back 15

Hemorrhage traction leading to retinal detachment.

Front 16

What is the presentation of a RAO? Where do these emboli originate?

Back 16

Sudden loss of vision. Embolism from the heart, or the carotid (Hollenhorst plaques).

Front 17

What does they affected eye look like after an RAO?

Back 17

Pale retina with a cherry red fovea (due to different circulation), and a pupillary defect in the same eye.

Front 18

What is the presentation of an RVO? What does the affected eye look like?

Back 18

acute or subacute loss of vision. "Blood and Thunder" retina (venous stasis, hemorrhage, and infarcts).

Front 19

What is the treatment for a RAO? RVO?

Back 19

RAO - massage, acetozolamide, tPA injection (have to treat within an hour).
RVO - No acute treatment. Treat edema and neovascularization..

Front 20

What is the anatomy involved in Macular degeneration? Risk factors?

Back 20

RPE, Bruch's membrane (RPE), Choriocapillaris.

Front 21

What is the pathology of dry macular degeneration?

Back 21

Drusen deposits in the Bruch's membrane, atrophy of the RPE.

Front 22

What is the pathology of wet macular degeneration?

Back 22

Choroidal neovascular membranse which leak into the subretinal fluid.

Front 23

What are some of the nutritional supplements that proved helpful in treating ARMD? Risk associated with these?

Back 23

Vitamin C, Vitamin E, beta carotene, zinc.

Beta carotene, linked to lung cancer

Front 24

What is the main presentation for someone with retinitis pigmentosa?

Back 24

progressive peripheral vision loss and night blindness. legal blindness by 40.

Front 25

What does the retina look like with retinitis pigmentosa?

Back 25

"bone spicule" apearance of retina due to intraretinal pigmentation and loss of photoreceptors,

Front 26

What are some syndromes associated with RP?

Back 26

abetalipoproteinemia (decrease in absorption of fat soluble vitamins)
Resfum Disease (inability to metabolize phyantic acid)

Front 27

What are some treatments for RP?

Back 27

Vit. A, Omega 2 fatty acid, gene therapy, retinal transplant, retinal prosthesis

Front 28

What is the treatment for choroidal melanomas?

Back 28

plaque brachytherapy to enucleation.

Front 29

What is the most common presentation with retinoblastoma?

Back 29

leukocoria and strabismus

Front 30

What is Coat's disease?

Back 30

exudative retinitis

Front 31

What are the outcomes of anterior persistent fetal vascular syndrome?

Back 31

micropthalmia glaucoma

Front 32

What are the outcomes of posterior persistent fetal vascular syndrome?

Back 32

retinal fold, traction and detachment

Front 33

What is the pathology of papillodema?

Back 33

increased IOP leads to swelling of axons, and leakage of contents, which causes optic disk swelling, which leads to venous obstruction and dialation, nerve fiber ischemia.

Front 34

What is seen in the retina in early papillodema?

Back 34

splinter hemorrhages in the nerve fiber layer, and decreased or absent pulsation in CRV.

Front 35

What is seen in full developed papillodema?

Back 35

extension of edema beyod the disk, engorgement of veins, flame hemorrhages and cotton wool spots

Front 36

What is the presentation of optic neuritis?

Back 36

loss of vision and eye pain

Front 37

What is phtisis bulbi? Causes?

Back 37

atrophic internally disorganized eye causes by trauma, IO inflamation, and retinal detachments

Front 38

What are some causes of micropthlamia?

Back 38

NOT PHTHISIS BULBI... CMV, ARubella, Trisomy 13.

Front 39

A paitient with HIV is likely to get what eye condition?

Back 39

CMV retinitis

Front 40

What is the purpose of the Seidel test?

Back 40

test for vitreal leaking, significant for piercing trauma.