Restless Earth

Front 1

Pyroclastic Flows

Back 1

The big cloud of ash, hot rocks and other debris let out from the volcano shortly after it erupts

Front 2

Shield Volcano

Back 2

Example- Mauna Loa (Hawaii)
Has broad sloping sides.
Eruptions not violent, but continuous

Front 3

Composite Volcano

Back 3

Example- Mount Pinatubo (Philippines)
Tall, cone shaped, steeply sided.
Eruptions very explosive

Front 4

Geothermal Heat

Back 4

Heat from inside the Earth, produced by radioactive decay of uranium inside the core and mantle

Front 5

How do we know that the inside of the earth is hot?

Back 5

- Lava from volcanos
- Hot springs and geysers

Front 6

Plumes

Back 6

Where heat moves to the surface

Front 7

The Magnetosphere

Back 7

Invisible magnetic field around the earth.
Made by the outercore
Protects the earth from harmful radiation

Front 8

Ring of fire

Back 8

Located in the Pacific
Has the biggest concentration of plate boundaries

Front 9

Constructive Plate Boundary

Back 9

Example- Iceland (Mid At Ridge)
Plates move apart, magma creates new oceanic crust.
Small earthquakes formed due to friction
Volcanos are not very explosive

Front 10

Destructive Plate Boundary

Back 10

Example- Andes Mountains
Oceanic crust is submerged under continental crust as it is more dense
Creates very destructive earthquakes and tsunamis

Front 11

Conservative Plate Boundary

Back 11

Example- San Andreas Fault
Two plates slide past each other
Forms earthquakes and regular tremmors

Front 12

Collision Zone

Back 12

A type of destructive boundary
Two continental plates push up against each other to form mountain ranges
Cause earthquakes and landslides

Front 13

What measures the destructive power of a volcano?

Back 13

VEI- Volcanic Explosivity Index

Front 14

Name some Volcanic Hazards

Back 14

- Pyroclastic flows
- Land slides
- Volcanic mudslides
- Lava flows
- Acid rain created
- Collapse of buildings due to ash build up

Front 15

What does a hazardous event becoming a disaster depend on?

Back 15

1. The type of hazard
2. The area's venerability
3. Capacity/ability to cope and recover

Front 16

Primary Impacts

Back 16

At the place and time of the event. A direct cause

Front 17

Secondary Impact

Back 17

Follow the event. Not directly caused by it

Front 18

Capacity

Back 18

The ability a community has to absorb and recover from the effects of a hazard

Front 19

LEDC Earthquake
Kashmir, Pakistan (7.6)

Back 19

- remote region, hard to get aid and rescue services
- Mountainous, lots of damage by landslides
- School time, poorly built classrooms collapsed
- Winter, survivors found it hard to stay warm

Front 20

MEDC Earthquake
Loma Prieta, California (6.9)

Back 20

- lots of damage to buildings, liquefaction
- Gas mains burst, fires
- Transport networks destroyed

Front 21

Andesitic magma

Back 21

High silica content
Lots of gas
Very explosive

Front 22

Basaltic magma (shield volcanos)

Back 22

Low silica content
No gas
Sticky

Front 23

Granatic magma

Back 23

Less dense
Continental crust

Front 24

Earthquakes

Back 24

When pressure builds up over a period of time and is suddenly released causing a violent movement on the earth's surface

Front 25

Emergency Aid (Haiti)

Back 25

- Money
- Food and water
- Shelter
- Medical supplies

Front 26

Epicentre

Back 26

this is the point on the Earth's SURFACE directly above the earthquake's focus.

Front 27

Focus

Back 27

this is the point INSIDE the Earth's crust or upper mantle where the rocks elastic limit is exceeded and energy is released.

Front 28

Liquefaction

Back 28

Where water rises to the surface from the water table. Surface made very unstable and wet (like jelly)

Front 29

How can LEDC's protect and strengthen buildings?

Back 29

Timber frame- adding diagonal bracing using steel
Heavy roof- remove mud overlay on top
Separation of joints at corners- Strengthen using wire mesh and cement overlay

Front 30

How can MEDC's protect and strengthen buildings?

Back 30

Hazard resistant designs:
- Diagonal bracing to frame
- Steel structure which can sway
- Foundations sunk into bedrock
- Open areas for assemblies
- Shock absorbers
- Roads for quick access

Front 31

Mitigation

Back 31

Reducing the impact

Front 32

Managing the impacts of hazards in MEDC's (such as Japan)

Back 32

- Building design
- Warning systems
- Preparation days
- Learning response and recovery techniques

Front 33

Predicting and protecting from volcano eruptions

Back 33

- Tiltmeters
- Seismometers
- Hot springs monitored
- Aircrafts to measure gas emitted

- Concrete shelters
- Concrete channels
- Evacuation routes signposted

Front 34

Earthquakes

Back 34

Prediction? N
Protection? Y
Preparation? Y
Warning? N
Evacuation? N

Front 35

Volcanos

Back 35

Prediction? Y
Protection? Y
Preparation? Y
Warning? Y
Evacuation? Y