Rest Of Exam 2

Front 1

which layer is only found in the thick skin regions (palmar/plantar) and is described as a glassy layer of flat cells packed with keratin?

Back 1

Stratum lucidum

Front 2

this is the most superficial layer which varies in the number of individual cell layers, it is composed of tightly packed, dead, keratinized cells called "squames" and is continuously shed and constantly replaced.

Back 2

Stratum corneum

Front 3

What are the three pigments that define skin color?

Back 3

1. Carotene
2. Hemoglobin
3. Melanin

Front 4

what pigment is the least common and creates an orange-yellow pigment from diet?

Back 4

Carotene

Front 5

Which pigment is the pigment of blood which varies with oxygen content? (The color tinges from epidermis to dermis)

Back 5

Hemoglobin

Front 6

Which pigment is the most common and is produced by melanocytes in stratum basale? (This is the primary determinant of variability in the skin color.)

Back 6

Melanin

Front 7

What type of sweat gland secretes a sticky, cloudy, and odorous secretion onto the hair follicles. It provides a nutrient source for bacteria.

Back 7

Apocrine sweat gland

Front 8

Where can you find apocrine sweat glands?

Back 8

in the axilla, anal, groin regions, and around the nipples

Front 9

What type of secretion glands secrete water, electrolytes, and metabolites onto the surface?

Back 9

Merocrine/Eccrine sweat gland

Front 10

Where can the merocrine/eccrine sweat glands be found?

Back 10

widely scattered over the body surface

Front 11

What type of secretion method do the apocrine and eccrine sweat glands use?

Back 11

Merocrine secretion

Front 12

What type of gland is most active late in fetal development and puberty, it produces sebum into hair follicle to lubricate hair and skin?

Back 12

Sebaceous gland

Front 13

What type of secretion method does the sebaceous gland use?

Back 13

Holocrine secretion

Front 14

These type of glands evolved from sebaceous glands, their development and secretions are controlled by pituitary and sex hormones

Back 14

Mammary glands

Front 15

These type of glands are located in the external ear and secretes cerumen (ear wax)

Back 15

Ceruminous glands

Front 16

Which layer of skin transmits nerves and receptors for pain, touch, temperature, pressure, and vibration. It also transmits all small blood vessels supplying skin

Back 16

Dermis

Front 17

What is the papillary layer of the dermis composed of?

Back 17

Connective tissue organized to form dermal papillae. Also contains capillary beds and nerve endings.

Front 18

this layer of the dermis has the deepest layer of dense irregular connective tissue and bundles of collagen fibers extending through throughout.

Back 18

Reticular layer

Front 19

The elastin in the reticular layer are affected by what main factors?

Back 19

1. UV
2.Age
3. hormones

Front 20

What is the hypodermis composed of?

Back 20

loose and adipose connective tissue with varying amounts of adipocytes that connects underlying muscle and bone to the dermis.

Front 21

What is different about the subcutaneous layer, compared to the rest of the layers?

Back 21

It contains larger blood vessels

Front 22

What structures are hard derivative of epidermis on the dorsal surface of digit tips, the cells that form this structure are heavily cornified and develop from specialized region of stratum corneum called nail matrix.

Back 22

Nails

Front 23

What is the purpose of the nails?

Back 23

To protect distal phalanges from damage.

Front 24

What is the purpose of hair?

Back 24

Offers protection, thermoregulation, chemical signal dispersal and secondary sexual characteristics.

Front 25

What does the hair follicle consist of ?

Back 25

Modified superficial stratum layers from epidermis, oblique tube that surrounds the hair, sebaceous glands secrete into follicle and it is surrounded by dermal root sheath.

Front 26

What are the three parts of the hair in which keratin is found?

Back 26

1. shaft
2. root
3. hair bulb

Front 27

what is the shaft of the hair?

Back 27

the exposed end

Front 28

what is the root part of the hair?

Back 28

part set in the follicle in dermis

Front 29

What does the hair bulb consist of?

Back 29

1. Papilla
2.Matrix
3.Melanocytes

Front 30

Small projection of dermis which provides blood supply found in the hair bulb

Back 30

Papilla

Front 31

the location of cell division found in the hair bulb

Back 31

Matrix

Front 32

pigment cells in papilla are known as?

Back 32

Melanocytes

Front 33

Define Errector (arrector) pili muscles

Back 33

smooth muscles from papillary region to hair follicle

Front 34

which epidermis layer do basal cell carcinoma arise from?

Back 34

Stratum basale

Front 35

which epidermis layer do squamous cell carcinoma arise from?

Back 35

stratum spinosum

Front 36

Cancer of melanocytes is known as?

Back 36

Malignant melanoma

Front 37

What type of tissue is responsible for the movement of the materials within and through out the body; temperature regulations and support?

Back 37

Muscle tissue

Front 38

four unique qualities of muscle tissue include

Back 38

1.excitability
2. contractibility
3.elasticity
4. extensibility

Front 39

Where can you find smooth muscle?

Back 39

located in walls of blood vessels, gastrointestinal, lower respiratory tract, lower esophagus and glands

Front 40

What are the three types of skeletal muscle and what are the main characteristics of each?

Back 40

1. Fast glycolytic; very strong and fast but quick to fatigue. Lack myoglobin
2.Oxidative-glycolytic; Not quite as strong and doesn't last as long. INTERMEDIATE OF OTHER TWO.
3.Slow oxidative; physically weak and contract slower but fatigue resistant, last longer. Contains myoglobin

Front 41

What are the three levels of organization of the skeletal muscle?

Back 41

1. Epimysium
2. perimysium
3. endomysium

Front 42

What is the Epimysium layer made of and what is its purpose?

Back 42

Dense irregular connective tissue fascia that envelopes entire muscle belly

Front 43

What is the Perimysium layer made of and what is its purpose?

Back 43

Connective tissue septa that divides belly into compartments containing fiber bundles called fascicles.

Front 44

What is the Endomysium layer made of and what is its purpose?

Back 44

fine connective tissue extensions of perimysium that envelope fibers.

Front 45

what is the sarcolemma?

Back 45

cell membrane of muscle fibers

Front 46

What are t-tublues?

Back 46

transverse tubules continuous with sarcolemma passing around microfibrils

Front 47

what is sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Back 47

specialized ER, for Ca++ storage

Front 48

what are terminal cisternae?

Back 48

they are enlarged ends of SR

Front 49

What is a sarcomere and what are the 5 major components?

Back 49

A sacromere is the basic unit of muscle contraction and it is made of
1. Z- disc
2.I band
3. A band
4. H zone
5. M line

Front 50

what is the z-disc of a sarcomere?

Back 50

dense structural protein discs

Front 51

what is the I-band of a sarcomere?

Back 51

area either side of the z-line composed of only think filaments.

Front 52

what is the A band of a sarcomere?

Back 52

this is the dark band with both thick and thin filaments

Front 53

what is the H zone of a sarcomere?

Back 53

contains only thick filaments

Front 54

what is the M-line of a sarcomere?

Back 54

Fine ling marking center of the sacromere

Front 55

What are thin filaments composed of?

Back 55

MULTIPLE LAYERS of actin

Front 56

What are thick filaments composed of?

Back 56

myosin

Front 57

What is the Huxley's sliding filament hypothesis?

Back 57

attach, pivot, detach, return.
slides filaments past each other and cause the sarcomere to shorten and the muscle to contract.
When stimulation ends, calcium returns to the terminal cisternae, filaments slide back passively and the muscle relaxes.

Front 58

What is Rigor Mortis?

Back 58

Without ATP cross bridges cannot detach, muscles contract and lock into a contracted position until autolytic processes start breaking down muscle fibers.

Front 59

What are the three systems in which nervous tissue is distributed?

Back 59

Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
autonomic nervous systems (ANS)

Front 60

What does the CNS consist of?

Back 60

brain and spinal cord

Front 61

what does the PNS consist of?

Back 61

peripheral nerves

Front 62

what does the ANS consist of?

Back 62

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Front 63

What are the two major types of cells that make up nervous tissue?

Back 63

Neurons or excitable cells and glial cells or non-excitable cells.

Front 64

What is the purpose of neuron cells?

Back 64

To initiate and transmit nerve impulses.

Front 65

What is the purpose of glial cells?

Back 65

To support and protect neurons

Front 66

What does a typical neuron consist of?

Back 66

cell body, dendrites and axons

Front 67

What does the cell body of a neuron do?

Back 67

it is the control center of the neuron, receives, integrates, and sends impulses.

Front 68

Clusters of cell body (Soma) in CNS are known as?

Back 68

nucleus

Front 69

Clusters of cell body (Soma) in PNS are known as?

Back 69

ganglion

Front 70

What are dendrites?

Back 70

Short processes from the body that may be single or multiple. They are the receptive region of the neuron that conducts impulses towards the body to be processed. The more dendrites the more nerve impulses that a neuron can receive from other cells.

Front 71

What are axons?

Back 71

Longer cell process, usually single. Transmits a nerve impulse away from the cell body towards another cell.

Front 72

What are telodendria?
What are synaptic knobs?

Back 72

1.processes at the end of an axon

2. axon terminals

Front 73

what are Unipolar neurons?

Back 73

Single process from soma divides to form axon
(typical sensory neurons from receptor to CNS)

Front 74

what are Bipolar neurons?

Back 74

Two processes from the soma.
(typical for sensory neurons of the retina, inner ear, olfactory epithelium)

Front 75

What are multipolar neurons?

Back 75

dendrites and axons arise from soma. include all motor neurons, ascending and descending neurons of the CNS

Front 76

What do sensory/afferent neurons do?

Back 76

Carry impulses TO the CNS, ascending neurons within the CNS.

Front 77

what do motor/efferent neurons do?

Back 77

Carry impulses FROM the CNS, descending neurons within the CNS.

Front 78

What are internerons?

Back 78

Multipolar neurons, found only in the CNS, they receive impulses from many other neurons and carry out an integrative function of the nervous system.
Facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons.

Front 79

How common are Electrical synapses and where can you can find them?

Back 79

they are rare. They occur primarily between cells of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle (in gap junctions). Used where quick, uniform innervation is essential.

Front 80

What is chemical synapses?

Back 80

Facilitates most of the interactions between neurons, and neurons and effectors.

Front 81

what is the pre-synaptic membrane?

Back 81

cell membrane of axon terminals; stores vesicles with neurotransmitters

Front 82

what is the postsynaptic membrane?

Back 82

membrane has receptor for specific neurotransmitter

Front 83

what is the synaptic cleft?

Back 83

the gap between pre and post synaptic membranes. This is how most drugs are effective.

Front 84

What are Glial cells?

Back 84

supportive cells of the nervous system. They aid in conducting impulses, but do not carry any stimulus. They are smaller than neurons but out number them. They are also capable of mitosis and occur in both the PNS and CNS.

Front 85

What are the types of glial cells?

Back 85

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, Astrocytes, Ependymal cells, microglia

Front 86

What are main characteristics of astrocytes?

Back 86

Have a star-like shape, most abundant of cells in CNS. Help for the Blood Brain Barrier that controls substances from entering the nervous tissue via the blood stream.

Front 87

What do Oligodendrocytes form?

Back 87

They form the myelin sheath around brain neurons. Found in CNS

Front 88

what do microglia do?

Back 88

Phagocytize microbes and damaged cells. (clean up crew)
CNS

Front 89

What are main characteristics of ependymal cells?

Back 89

They posses microvilli and cilia, line ventricles and are involved in production and circulation of CSF.

Front 90

What are Schwann cells responsible for?

Back 90

responsible for myelinating PNS axons, multiple cells encircle an axon to for the myelin sheath.

Front 91

What are Satellite cells?

Back 91

Flat cells that surround PNS ganglia.

Front 92

What is a myelin sheath?

Back 92

A fatty coating that gives nerves glossy white appearance. It supports, protects and insulates the axon.

Front 93

Internodes are __?

Back 93

Segments of myelin

Front 94

gaps between internodes are called ___?

Back 94

Nodes of ranvier

Front 95

What is Saltatory conduction?

Back 95

when the nerve impulse jumps from node to node, produces a faster nerve impulse and requires less energy.

Front 96

What is an unmyelinated axon?

Back 96

the nerve impulse must travel the entire length of the axon in (Continuous conduction) produces slower nerve impulse.

Front 97

what is the difference between unmyelinated axon and a myelinated axon?

Back 97

myelinated axons produce faster, less expensive nerve impulses.

Front 98

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

Back 98

A nervous system disorder, an autoimmune disease where the body attacks the myelin and nerve impulses travel slower or not at all because of plaque.

Front 99

Are cell bodies of neurons replaced by daughter cells like in epithelial tissue?

Back 99

No, cell bodies of neurons can only be repaired through regeneration after an injury, they lose all mitotic features at birth.