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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do platelets circulate inactive?
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So they don't cause spontaneous clotting.
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What are the two pathways of coagulation?
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Extrinsic and Intrinsic
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The extrinsic pathway begins __________.
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Outside the blood.
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Damaged tissue releases __________.
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Thromboplastin aka factor III or tissue factor.
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What does thromboplastin bind with?
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Factor VII and form thromboplastin factor VII complex.
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Thromboplastin factor VII complex activates what?
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Factor X of the common pathway.
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Intrinsic pathway begins __________.
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With chemicals inside the blood.
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Exposed collagen fibers from damaged blood vessels activate _____________.
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A cascade of coag factors. This leads to activation of factor X in common pathway.
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Thromboplastin factor VII complex can also activate ___________.
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Intrinsic pathway @ factor IX.
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Name three anticoagulants in the body.
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Antithrombin
Heparin Prostacyclin |
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What is Antithrombin?
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Its a plasma protein that inactivates thrombin.
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What is heparin?
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It enhances the antithrombin action, increasing rate of thrombin in activation.
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What is prostacyclin?
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It inhibits coag factors release from platelets and increases vasodilation.
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What is clot contraction?
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Condensing of a clot.
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What is the purpose of myosin and actin in platelets?
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Allows platelets to contract.
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What is clot dissolution?
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An enzyme called plasmin dissolves fibrin. Plasmin circulates as inactive plasminogen. Its activated after clot formation by thrombin.
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Time for flow cessation (gelling)
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1-4 minutes
Still very fragile |
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Time for coagulation
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4-6 minutes
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What is hemophilia?
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Slow or no coagulation
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Hemophilia occurs mostly in men or women?
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Men. X linked.
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What are the two types of hemophilia?
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A and B
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Hemophilia A is also known as?
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Classic hemophilia.
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People with classic hemophilia do not have ___________________.
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Coagulation factor VIII
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What are the statistics for Hemophilia A?
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1 in 10,000 male births
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What happens with hemophilia B?
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Deficient in coagulation factor IX
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What are the statistics for Hemophilia B?
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1 in 100,000 male births.
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What is a thrombus?
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A stationary clot in a blood vessel.
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What is an Embolus?
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A dislodged thrombus (moving).
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What is polycythemia?
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High red blood cell count.
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When is polycythemia a normal condition?
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When people live at high altitudes.
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What unhealthy things can cause polycythemia?
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Anything that can lower the blood oxygen level. COPD, emphysema, severe asthma, cardiac failure.
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What does polycythemia do to the blood itself.
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It increases the viscosity and volume of the blood.
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What is anemia?
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Low hemoglobin.
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What is iron deficiency?
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Low iron intake, decrease in hemoglobin production.
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What is hemorrhagic anemia?
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Blood cell loss (bleeding)
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How long does it take for the body to replace red blood cells?
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4 days.
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What is hemolytic anemia?
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Blood cells rupture or are destroyed.
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What is aplastic anemia?
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Bone marrow damage is involved. Low red blood cell production.
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Aplastic anemia is common in what type of people?
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People receiving chemotherapy.
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What is pernicious anemia?
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B12 deficiency and low RBC production.
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What is sickle cell anemia?
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Genetic disorder often fatal by 30 years old.
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What happens to the RBC in sickle cell anemia?
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The red blood cells are sickle shaped and they start to stick together and block blood vessels.
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Sickle cell is more common in what types of people?
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People of African or Mediterranean decent.
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What is a normal WBC count?
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5,000-10,000/mm3
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What is leukocytosis?
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Increase in WBC count.
> 10,000/mm3 |
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What causes leukocytosis?
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Infection, pregnancy, leukemia
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What is leukopenia?
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Decease in WBC count.
< 5,000/mm3 |
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What causes leukopenia?
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Malnutrition and influenza.
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What is thrombocytopenia?
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Low platelet count and problems with blood clotting.
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What is thrombocytosis?
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AKA thrombocythemia
Increase in platelet counts. Causes spontaneous blood clotting. |
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What are six organs of the cardiovascular system?
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Blood vessels, sinusoids, Blood, lymphatic organs, bone marrow and heart.
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Blood vessels include...
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Arteries, veins and capillaries.
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What are sinusoids?
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Small blood vessels, similar to capillaries. They are permeable to small and medium sized proteins found in liver, lymphatic, endocrine and bone marrow.
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What organs are involved in the lymphatic system?
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Tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
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Lacteals are similar to...
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Capillaries
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Lymphatic vessels are similar to...
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veins
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What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
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Protein balance, nutrient absorption, fluid balance in body, and immunity.
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What are the functions of the heart?
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Generates BP, routes blood, ensures one way blood flow, and blood supply regulation.
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What is a very general characteristic of the heart?
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It's a pump of fibrous muscular tissue.
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What are the veins of the heart?
And what do they do? |
The superior and inferior vena cava.
They bring blood from body into RA. |
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What do the pulmonary veins do?
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They bring blood from lungs to heart to LA.
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What does the aorta do?
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Brings blood from the LV to the rest of the body.
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What does the pulmonary trunk do?
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It takes blood from RV to the lungs.
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How was the heart formed?
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It is essentially two highly specialized blood vessels that fused during fetal development. Consists of 2 atrium and two ventricles.
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How many times does the hear beat in 24 hours?
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100,000
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How many liters of blood are pumped through the heart each day?
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7200 L
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What can the right side of the heart be referred to?
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Pulmonary circuit
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What can the left side of the heart be referred to as?
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Systemic circuit
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What is the shape of the heart?
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Pyramid
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How much of the heart is on the left side of the midline?
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2/3
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What is the pericardium?
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Double layered sac that encloses the heart.
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What is the outer layer of the pericardium?
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Fibrous pericardium
Very tough fibrous CT |
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What is the inner layer of the pericardium called?
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Serous pericardium
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The inner pericardium has two parts.
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Parietal and visceral pericardium.
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What does the parietal pericardium come into contact with?
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The fibrous pericardium.
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Visceral pericardium is also known as...
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Epicardium.
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What does the visceral pericardium come into contact with?
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The heart
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Where is the pericardial cavity found?
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It is between the parietal and visceral pericardium.
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What is the purpose of the pericardial cavity?
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It contains pericardial fluid and helps things to slide. Reduces friction.
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What are the three layers of the heart wall?
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Epicardium
Myocardium Endocardium |
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What is the myocardium made out of?
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Thick layer of cardiac muscle
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What is the endocardium made out of?
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Layer of simple squamous epi that lines the chambers of the heart.
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What is trabeculae Carneae?
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Thick irregular bands of muscle in the ventricles. Makes the surface look rough and creates turbulence for blood. Keeps things moving.
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Which side of the heart is bigger?
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Left
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Which is stronger.. the bicuspid or tricuspid valve?
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Bicuspid
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The right atrium has three openings. What are they?
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Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava Coronary sinus |
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Deoxygenated blood enter from body to these two openings.
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Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.
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What does the coronary sinus do?
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Receive deoxygenated blood from cardiac veins around the heart.
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The left atrium has four pulmonary veins. What do they do?
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They bring oxygenated blood to LA.
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What separates the atria?
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The interatrial septum.
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Where does the atria drain to?
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The ventricles.
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What separates the ventricles?
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The interventricular septum
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What do the valves do?
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Regulate one way blood flow through the heart.
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Where are the atrioventricular valves?
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Between the atria and ventricles.
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What is the AV valve on the right called?
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Tricuspid valve
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What is the AV valve on the left called?
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Bicuspid or mitral valve
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What are the chordae tendineae attached to?
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The papillary muscles and to the under side of the valves.
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What is the semilunar valve on the right side called?
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Pulmonary semilunar valve
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What is the semilunar valve on the left side called?
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Aortic semilunar valve
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What are the four characteristics of cardiac muscle?
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1. Striated
2. One nucleus 3. Lots of mitochondria to make ATP 4. ATP and Ca+ required for contraction. |
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What are intercalated disks?
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Contracts between cardiac muscle cells with desmosomes and gap junctions.
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What is the purpose of intercalated disks?
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To allow for rapid passage of AP's from one cell to the next.
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What is conduction?
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A cycle that generates and spreads AP's through the heart. Allows heart to maintain rhythmic contraction and relaxation for efficient pumping.
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How does the heart contract?
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Both atria contract, followed by both ventricles.
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What is myogenicity?
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All cardiac muscle cells are able to generate own AP's.
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Sinoatrial node is known as the _________ of the heart.
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Pacemaker.
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Where is the SA node located?
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In the upper wall of RA.
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How fast does the SA node generate AP's?
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70-80 X per minute
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Where is the AV node located?
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In the lower wall of RA
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How fast does the AV node generate AP's?
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40-60 per minute
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How fast do the Purkinje fibers and the bundle of His generate AP's?
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20-40 per minute
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What is the first criteria for the spread of excitation?
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Has to have complete atrial excitement contraction before ventricular contraction.
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What is the second criteria for the spread of excitation?
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Each chamber contracts at once and relaxes at once.
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What is the third criteria for the spread of excitation?
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Both atria contract and relax at the same time and both ventricles contract and relax at the same time.
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Where does the path of conduction start?
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SA node
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