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75 Cards in this Set
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Characteristics: neither gram (-) or (+), waxy cell envelope that prevents gram stain and slows tx, rod shaped and gram (+)-like
Bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Diagnosis: Mantoux or tine test, sputum, X-ray S/S: fever, night sweats, coughing, and wasting TX: triple ABT for 6 mos to 2 yrs; Isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, and streptomycin commonly used ABT. -requires 6 wks to cx -generation time: 12 hrs -cause of 25% of adult deaths in the 18th and 19th century -2 billion people (1/3 of world population) infected as of 2001 |
TB
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Tubercular antigens
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purified protein derivative (PPD)
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hard foci in the lung tissue that wall off TB bacteria; visible on X-ray
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tubercles
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TB organisms resistant to ABT; along with AIDs has resulted in increase of TB cases in US since 1985; often fatal, even with ABT.
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multiply resistant TB (MRTB)
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Characteristics: gram (+), club-shaped bacillus, Chinese character appearance
Bacteria: Corynebacterium diphtheria (diptherotixin) S/S: affects heart and nervous system, psuedomembrane formation on pharynx that should not be removed as pt could bleed to death -highly effective vaccine available |
diptheria
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Characteristics: gram (-), coccobacillus
Bacteria: Bordetella pertussis S/S: paroxysmal sound generated when coughing stops, subconjunctival hemorrhaging can occur -primarily affects young children death rate: historically 50%, today 0.5% -increased risk d/t scare over rare fatal anaphylactic reaction from previous vaccine |
Pertussis aka whooping cough
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Characteristics: Gram (+), spehres (cocci) in chains (strepto)
Common infection sites: throat, oral cavity, vagina, and intestines -does not secrete catalase which differentiates them from S. aureus |
Streptococcal diseases
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Layer in streptococci cell envelope to which humans produce nonprotective Abs that are useful for diagnostics
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C carbohydrate
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Two methods of grouping streptococcal diseases
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1. by the C carbohydrates (class A, class B, etc)
2. hemolytic reaction of bacteria on blood agar |
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Classification of streptococci that produce a completely clear zone of hemolysis in blood agar
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B-hemolytic
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Incomplete hemolysis or a breakdown of globin to a greenish product
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a-hemolysis
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Classification of streptococci that produce a-hemolysis on blood agar
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a-hemolytic Streptococcus pneumoniae
aka viridans streptococci |
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Classification of streptococci that produce no hymolysis on blood agar
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y-hemolysis
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Characteristics: B-hemolytic, group A strep (C-carb type), pyogenic, cloaking devices
Bacteria: streptococcus pyogenes Bacteria also cause: impetigo, nectrotizing faciitis, and scarlet fever TX: amoxicillin -no resistant mutations so ABT is highly effective -ABT compliance is vital d/t life threatening sequelae |
Acute pharyngitis
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Two cloaking devices of Strep. pyogenes
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1. hyaluronic acid capsule is identical to polysaccharide found in human connective tissue so it is considered self by immune system
2. S. aureus Ab coating |
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The five layers of the Strep. pyogenes envelope
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1. cytoplasmic membrane
2. cell wall (peptidoglycan) 3. C carbohydrate 4. M protein (attachment factor + antiphagocytic) 5. capsule of hyaluronic acid |
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Streptococcal hemolytic exotoxins
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streptolysins
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Two streptolysins produced by Strep. pyogenes that damage cell membranes, including those of the heart and WBCs.
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SLO
SLS |
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Name the two hypersensitivity reactions aka post-streptococcal states (sequelae) that result from the damage the disease does to the immune system
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1. Rheumatic fever (heart valve and joint damage)
2. Formation of immune complexes that lead to kidney damage |
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Characteristics: B-hemolytic, Group B strep
Bacteria: Strep agalactiae -normal flora to vaginal tract but can cause serious disease in newborns resulting in 40% of cases of newborn septicemia and can cause serious meningitis TX: Strep B positive expectant moms tx c ABT for a few weeks before birth |
Group B strep
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Characteristics: a-hemolytic, optochin resistant, not typable by C carb
-Normal flora in mouths/resp tract -affects people with heart damage (such as that can occur p strep A) and can lead to sub-acute endocarditis -Dentist must take excellent hx and provide ABT as needed |
Viridans Strep
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Literally a condition of the lungs; can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi and physical particulates
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Pneumonia
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Characteristics: a-hemolytic, optochin sensitive, can't type C-carb
Diagnosis: gram (+) cocci in sputum, X-ray S/S: pus-like exudate and fluid accumulation in lungs, rusty sputum. Bacteria also causes: subacute endocarditis, otitis media and meningitis -Causes 50% of bacterial PNX; 90 strains -30-70% of people are carriers |
Streptococcus pneumoniae
aka pneumococcus formerly Diplococcus pneumoniae |
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An Ab test based on anticapsular Abs that distinguishes the capsular types of Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Quellung Test
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A vaccine that contains 23 of the most common polysaccharide types of Streptococcus pneumoniae; requires boosters q five years
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pneumovax
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Characteristics: gram neg, no peptidoglycan layer
Bacteria: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (no cell wall, sterol in membranes) Diagnosis: cold agglutinis -common in college/military environments |
Walking pneumonia
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antibodies that Mycoplasma induces in pts; cause agglutination RBCs when stored in cold temps
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cold agglutinins
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Characteristics: gram neg, bacilli c many vacuoles, fastidious
Bacteria: Legionella pneumophila S/S: headache, fever, shaking chills initially, coughing, SOB -Found in most water sources, transmitted aerosol only -adept at proliferation inside macrophages, resistant to chlorine, and can ingest amoeba |
Legionnaires' Disease
aka legionellosis |
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Characteristics: gram neg, no cell wall, obligate intracellular pathogens
Bacteria: Chlamydia Diagnosis:seriological test for Ab in pt serum, DNA hybridization test -Causes 15% of bacterial PNX -strong correlation c heart attack and stroke |
Chlamydia pneumoniae
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Disease that leads to serious brain damage and death, particularly in children; stiff neck associated with fever and vomiting are hallmark s/s; caused by number of orgs spread via resp routes
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Meningitis
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Characteristics: gram neg, pleomoprhic rods, fastidious
-most common cause of meningitis -90% fatal untreated with 1/3 treated cases having permanent brain damage |
Hemophilus influenzae
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A t-cell independent capsular polysaccharide vaccine used to treat H. influenzae
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Hib
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A new T cell-dependent H. influenzae vaccine in which he capsular material ha been conjugated to the diphtherotoxoid protein; induces memory response
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Hib conjugate
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Characteristics: gram neg diplococci; fastidious
-Infection is medical emergency and IV ABT must be initiated immediately Diagnosis: spinal tap TX; aggressive PCN therapy |
Neisseria meningitidis
aka meningococcus |
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Vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis available for four types of the polysaccharide capsule; no effect on Type b, the most common type
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menomune
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What is unusual about the morphology of Bordetealla pertussis?
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It is a coccobacillus
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What color will viridans strep produce on blood agar?
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greenish tinge
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How do contacts of meningitis pts protect themselves
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prophylactic tx with rifampin
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How are C. pneumoniae cultured
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Must be cultured inside human cells, can't be grown on bacterial media
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Virulence activity associated with C carb layer of Strep pyogenes
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prevents lysosomes from lysing the cell
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Characteristics: naked, icosahedral virion, RNA
S/S: runny nose, headace, sore throat, no fever -113 serotypes that cause 50% common cold cases 3-5 infection/year is average |
Rhinoviruses
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Characteristics: naked, icosahedral virions, DNA
Virus also causes: pharyngo-conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis -at least 50 serotypes -isolated from adenoids where they remain latent for life -cause 10-15% of all URIs |
Adenoviruses
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Characteristics: Enveloped virion, RNA
S/S: fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, cough TX: amantadin, ribavirin, zanamivir -spread person to person in two to three days -virus changes genetically from year to year |
Influenza
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The two important surface viral proteins contained in the infulenza virus that predispose pts to bacterial infection, especially pnx
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neuraminidase
hemagglutnin |
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Surface viral protein of influenza that breaks down the protective mucous layer that lines the throat.
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neuraminidase
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Surface viral protein of influenza that attaches the virus to the cilliated epithelial cells in the throat so that the virus an enter and kill the the cells
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hemagglutinin
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Term for complete hemagglutinin gene change
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antigenic shift
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Term for mutational change
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antigenic drift
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What is the protection rate of the flu vaccine?
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70-80%
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Disease causing neural damage, paralysis and coma that rarely occurs in flu vaccination (1 in 1million)
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
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Characteristics: enveloped virion, RNA
S/S: seven day rash that starts as red spots on head or trunk and spread toward extremities, Koplik's spots Complications: pnx in 5 %, encephalitis in 0.1% |
measels virus
rubeola |
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reddish patches with white, salt crystal like centers; distinctive diagnostic sign in rubeola
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Koplik' spots
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Rare but fatal neurological disease that may occur years after measles infection
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subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
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Characteristics: enveloped virion, RNA
S/S: parotitis; orchitis and sterility can occur in post adolescent males -Dramatic decrease d/t excellent vaccination |
Mumps
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Characteristics: enveloped virion, DNA
S/S: rash lasting 2-3 wks with intense itching; mild in children, not in adults; recurrent diseases is shingles -vaccine available |
Chicken pox (varicella virus)
shingles (zoster virus) |
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A painful neuralgia that lasts from 3-5 weeks; occurs in adults over 40 who've had chicken pox; facial paralysis may result
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shingles
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Characteristics: Enveloped virions, RNA
S/S: mild; slightly red rash that lasts about 3 days -Excellent vaccine available (MMR) |
Rubella
aka three day measles aka German measles |
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Disease in which mother passes Rubella virus transplacentally with devastating results
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congenital rubella syndrome
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Characteristics: enveloped virion, RNA
-Causes serious infection of lower resp tract in children -Highly contagious -treated with ribavarin |
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
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Characteristics: naked, icosahedral virion, RNA
-infects alimentary canal, invades neurons in spinal canal -Transmitted in H2O or food |
Poliovirus
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Killed vaccine for Polio
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Salk
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live attenuated vaccine for Polio
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Sabin
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How do amantadine, ribavirin and zanamivir function?
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amantadine: inhibit uncoating
ribavirin: inhibit viral RNA replication zanamivir: inhibit neuraminidase |
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Characteristics: encapsulated yeast, produces urease; found in pigeon droppings
Fungus: Filobasidiella neoformans -Causes pnx and menegitis -Most virulent fungus causing 25% of fungal deaths; common in AIDs pts |
Cryptococcosis
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fungi that are yeast in the tissue at 37 degrees C and mold in the environment at cooler temps
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thermal dimorphs
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Characteristics: yeast at body temp, mold in environment, no capsule
Fungus: Histoplsma capsulatum Diagnosis: yeast in bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages; Ags detection in blood specimen -infection of lungs that can spread to other organs -common in bird droppings and bat guano -most common in OH/MS river valley |
Histoplasmosis
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Characteristics: yeast at body temp, mold in environment
Fungus: Blastomyces dermatitidis S/S: inhalation-cough and chest pain; cuts-raised wart like lesions -Found in rotting wood -Causes pulmonary infection, can spread to other tissues |
Blastomycosis
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Characteristics: yeast at body temp, mold in environment
Fungus: Coccidioides immitis S/S: chest pains, dry hacky cough, high fever (pulmonary and meningeal Diagnosis: spherule in sputum or tissue biopsy -prevalent in SW US |
Coccidoidomycosis
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Characteristics: fuzzy mold, septate hyphae
Fungus: Aspergillus fumigatus -Causes PNX and otyomycosis Diagnosis: fungi in sputum |
Aspergillosis
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Fungal balls associated with aspergillosis
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aspergilloma
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Fungus that grows on peanuts and most grains and produces aflatoxins which are linked to cancer (especially in the liver)
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Aspergillus flavus
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Fungus related to Aspergillus that produces mycotoxin called ergot, which causes hallucinations and other brain disturbances
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Claviceps purpurea
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Phyco: seaweed appearance; mykes: fungus aka zygomeycetes d/t sexual reproduction using zygote; commonly found in soil
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Phycomycetes
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Two genera of phycomycetes that are associated with pulmonary disease; can grow on blood vessel walls and thrive in diabetic pts
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Gnera Mucor and Rhizopus
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Characteristics: Mold, biggest cause of death in AIDS pts (50%
Fungus: Pneumocystis carini S/S: dry cough c s/s of pnx -fungus appears to have no effect except in immunocompromised pts -has protozoa like features, classified as protozoa until 1999 |
Pneumocystosis
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