Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Inhalation Uses
|
Diaphragm
External Intercostals (Pull Up) |
|
Collapsed Lung
|
Look normal, lungs still go up and down with chest rising. No air going in.
|
|
Exhalation (Expiration) Uses
|
Passive
-At rest, relaxation of inspiratory muscles Active -Contraction of abdominal muscles to force diaphragm back up. -Contraction of internal intercostals (depress ribs) |
|
Air Flow
-Governed By |
Resistance of flow within bronchioles
(muscular, can change diameter) |
|
Bronchiole Smooth Muscle (Sympathetics)
|
Sympathetics-->NorE-->B-receptors-->Dilation-->Air Flow (UP)
|
|
Bronchiole Smooth Muscle (Parasympathetics)
|
Parasympathetics-->ACh--> Muscarinic-->Constriction
|
|
Bronchiole Smooth Muscle (Histamine)
|
Histamine-->Constriction (Acts like parasympathetics)
|
|
Bronchiole Smooth Muscle (CO2 & Carbonic Acid)
|
CO2 & (Carbonic Acid)-->Dilation (acts like sympathetics)
|
|
Tidal Volume
|
Amount of air inhaled and exhaled at rest
=500mL |
|
Inspiratory Reserve
|
Men > Females
3000mL Depends on persons size |
|
Expiratory Reserve
|
Additional Expiration
=1000mL Lungs at rest, closer to collapse, normally |
|
Vital Capacity
|
Total amount you can bring in and out (Breath all the way)
VC=TV + IR + ER |
|
Forced Vital Capacity
|
Same volume as vital capacity
Inhale all the way and blow out as quick as possible Amount of air out in 1 second |
|
Residual Volume
|
Dead air space
Air still in tubes when all is exhaled |
|
Respiratory Rate
|
At rest, rate is at tidal volume.
12 breaths/minute inhale:exhale, 2:3 Normal basal rate |
|
Control of Ventilation
|
Controlled by respiratory centers located above spinal cord in the medulla oblongata
|
|
Inspiratory Center
|
Dorsal Respiratory Group
Basal Respiratory Center |
|
Expiratory Center
|
Ventral Respiratory Group
Forced Expiration Hyperinspiration |
|
Inspiratory Center Physiology
|
No stimulation needed
No resting membrane potential, but heads towards one (-70mV) |
|
Inspiratory Center Channels
|
Leak (Na, K)
Ligand Regulated (Na, K) Volt Regulate (Na activation, Na inactivation, K) |
|
Inspiratory Center: Ligand Regulated Channels
|
Na-Depolarize
K-Hyperdepolarize (Don't need ligand regulating channels but they can influence conduction) |
|
Inspiratory Center: Leak Channels
|
Na, K
No resting potential at -70mV. Due to leak channels it gains an action potential @ -70mV |
|
Inspiratory Center: Volt Regulated Channels
|
Na Activation Gate:
-Open @ -70mV -Close@ -90mV Na Inactivation Gate: -Open @ -90mV -Close @ +30mV K Channel -Open @ +30mV -Close @ -90mV |
|
Inspiratory Center
Factors Influencing Autodepolarizing Neurons |
pH of CSF
Carbon Dioxide in Plasma Cerebral Control |
|
pH of Cerebrospinal Fluid
|
Essentially, Filtered Plasma
Chemoreceptors in brainstem for [H+]-->(synapse)Autodepolarizing cells |
|
[H+] concentration UP
|
[H+]UP-->Chemoreceptors--> ACh-->Inspiratory Neurons' Na+ channels-->Ventilation Rate (UP)
|
|
[H+] concentration DOWN
|
[H+]DOWN (pH UP)--> Chemoreceptors (different than before) --> Glutamic Acid-->Inspiratory Neurons' K+ Channels--> Ventilation Rate (DOWN)
|
|
Ascidic pH is due to?
|
Carbon Dioxide, Carbonic Acid, High H+
|
|
What happens when breath is held?
|
Carbon Dioxide (UP)
pH (UP) (Ventilation Up when resumed) |
|
After Hyperventilation?
|
Breathing becomes slow due to higher pH since CO2 is gone
|
|
With Helium?
|
CO2 remains same, respiratory rate same since CO2 same, but not breathing Oxygen. Oxygen isn't monitored
|
|
Carbon Dioxide in plasma
Detection? |
Carbon Dioxide chemoreceptors in aorta and interior carotids
|
|
Levels of Carbon Dioxide?
|
Carbon Dioxide (UP)-->ACh--> Na+-->Ventilation (UP)
Carbon Dioxide (Down)--> Glutamic Acid --> K+ --> Ventilation (DOWN) |
|
Cerebral Control of respiration
|
Motor Central-ACh--> Inspiratory Centers
|
|
Expiratory Center Contains?
|
Inspiratory Neurons!
Not Autodepolarizing (regular neurons) |
|
Expiratory Center: Inspiratory Neurons synapse on to?
|
More muscles of inspiration
Some synapse onto inspiratory muscles, others synapse onto abdominal muscles. |
|
Expiratory Center:
Inspiratory Neurons are synapsed onto by? |
Chemoreceptors
Cerebral Neurons |
|
Gas Exchange
|
Atmosphere<-->Lungs(alveoli)<-->Blood<-->Tissue Cells
|
|
Atmospheric Gases and Percentage
|
N2-78%
O2-21% CO2-0.03% (Inert Gases)-.97% |
|
Atmospheric Air Pressure (Sea Level)
|
760mmHg
|
|
Partial Pressure formula?
|
P(gas)=760mmHg x (% of gas of total)/100
|
|
P(O2)?
P(CO2)? |
160mmHg of O2
0.25mmHg of CO2 |
|
What else is always present and contributes to air pressure
|
Vapor Pressure
|
|
Vapor Pressure Depends on?
|
Amount of water present
Temperature |
|
Real equation for partial pressure in atmosphere?
|
760mmHg-P(H20)=Total pressure of N2+O2+CO2+(I)
|
|
Saturation?
|
Air inhaled is saturated with water since water lines nose and mouth
|
|
H2O saturation at body temperature (37C)?
|
P(water) @ saturation=47mmHg
|
|
P(O2) In upper respiratory tract?
|
(760mmHg - 47mmHg)x 0.21= 150mmHg
|
|
P(CO2) In upper respiratory tract?
|
(760mmHg - 47mmHg) x .00033 = .24mmHg
|
|
Residual Volume Composition
|
Increased CO2, Decreased O2 since air stays in lungs
-Air inhaled enters alveoli and mixes with air already in alveoli (residual volume) |
|
Alveolar Air
|
P(O2)=100mmHg
P(CO2)=40mmHg Air inhaled is not same composition as air in alveoli |
|
Henry's Law
|
Amount of gas in liquid depends on:
1) solubility of gas 2) Partial pressure of gas outside of liquid |
|
Gas Pressure in Alveoli
|
P(O2)=100mmHg
P(CO2)=40mmHg |
|
Gas Pressure in Plasma Returning to Alveoli (Veinous Blood)
|
P(O2)=40mmHg
P(CO2)=46mmHg |
|
Gas Pressure in Tissues
|
P(O2)=40mmHg
P(CO2)=46mmHg |
|
Gas Pressure in Plasma Leaving Alveoli
|
P(O2)=100mmHg
P(CO2)=40mmHg |
|
Oxygen in body
|
Very low solubility, especially at body temperature
|
|
Hemoglobin
|
Increases amount of Oxygen by 67x's
|
|
Oxygen Within Lungs
|
Air O2-->Plasma O2-->O2+Hb--> HbO2 (Oxygen Loading)
Hb removes oxygen from plasma Pressure not as important |
|
Oxygen Within Tissues
|
HbO2 --> Hb+O2 --> Plasma O2 --> Tissue Oxygen (Oxygen Unloading)
Tissues remove Oxygen from plasma |
|
Hb loading and unloading
|
Unloading varies depending on:
1) Intracellular P(O2) of 'working' tissue. 2) Temperature 3) pH 4) Diphosphoglycerine (DPG) |
|
Intracellular P(O2) of 'Working' Tissue
|
'Oxygen Dissociation Curve'
Resting cells at normal metabolism-75% Lungs w/Oxygen is 95% saturated |
|
Temperature
|
Right Shift-Oxygen more likely to dissociate
Left Shift-Oxygen less likely to dissociate from Hb High temperature-Right shift |
|
pH
|
More CO2, more Carbonic Acid, Using more Oxygen--> Ascidic
More H+, Less oxygen binding to Hb |
|
Diphosphoglycerine (DPG)
|
More DPG, Less Oxygen bindability
DPG attaches to Hb, change binding site for Oxygen so less binds Epinephrine Up--> DPG Synthesis Up Less Oxygen available, so more available to body |
|
Carbon Dioxide
|
24x's more soluble in water than oxygen
CO2+H2O<-->H2CO3<-->H+ +HCO3- |