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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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processing/conditioning of the inhaled air (3 processes)
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warming => raises temp of air to body temp
moistening => raises humidity to 100% removal of particles (dust, pollen, carbon particles, bacteria, etc.) |
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removal of particles
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nasal vibrissae (thick hairs) - filter large particles
sebum (from sebaceous glands) - traps particles in nostrils mucus - secreted onto surfaces of the upper and lower tracts traps particles from the air cilia (nasal passages and sinuses) = beat toward the throat => move mucous with trapped particles toward oropharynx cilia (lower respiratory tract) = beat upwards toward throat => move mucous with trapped particles toward oropharynx mucous (oropharynx) = swallowed pulmonary macrophages = phagocytose particles particles that reach respiratory areas of lungs |
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surface area
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increase in nasal passages to enhance air processing
nasal conchae (turbinates) = 3 on either side of nasal septum; bony outgrowths covered by nasal epi accessory sinuses = dead-end cavities off of the nasal passages in which air is warmed and processed; frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary |
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conducting function (upper vs lower)
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UPPER = lumen kept open by cartilage and fibrous connective tissue
LOWER = diameter regulated by smooth muscle and elastic fibers |
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functions of respiratory system (5)
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1) processing/conditioning of inhaled air
2) conduction 3) gas exchange 4) sense of smell 5) immune defense |
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immune defense
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lymphatic cells in the walls of respiratory passageways detect foreign antigens
adenoids = permanent lymphatic tissue around nasopharynx lymphatic tissue and nodules = can appear anywhere in CT of respiratory tract |
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vestibule (nostril)
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inside the external nares
lined by KERATINIZING STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS - continuous with skin of the face VIBRISSAE - thick hairs in follicles SEBACEOUS GLANDS - associated with hair follicles of the vibrissae |
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respiratory segment (air passageway) of nasal passage
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CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR epi
lamina propria = loose CT; mucous glands; rows of straight capillaries nasal septum = hyaline cartilage partition covered by nasal mucosa conchae (turbinates) = increase SA; create turbulent air flow => enhance trapping of air particles |
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cells that make up the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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ciliated cells - extend from the basal lamina to surface
goblet cells - extend from basal lamina to surface brush cells (sensory) - w/ short microvilli enteroendocrine cells - small, short granule cells basal (stem) cells - short cells; divide to produce other types of cells |
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lamina propria of the respiratory segment in the nasal passage
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loose CT
mucous glands rows of straight capillaries = air warming; leak tissue fluid (become swollen) during allergy and viral infection => runny nose, difficulty breathing |
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olfactory segment of nasal passage
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location = in the dome and sides of nasal wall
olfactory mucosa = PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR epithelium composed of olfactory cells, supporting cells, brush cells olfactory glands = produce serous secretions that trap and dissolve odor molecules |
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type I alveolar cells
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very thin, flattened cells
flattened nuclei may bulge into lumen of alveolus cover 95% of surface |
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type II alveolar cells
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cuboidal cells surrounded by a squamous "flange" - extend down into the holes in the capillary network; connect to type I cells via thin peripheral extensions
located at junctions of alveolar walls basally located nucleus secrete SURFACTANT - phospholipids; decreases surface tension at air-cell membrane interface brush cells - few in number; sensory function |
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nasopharynx
epithelium? goblet cells? glands? cartilage? smooth muscle? elastic? |
located above soft palate
site of entry of the auditory tubes (connect inner ear with the pharynx) diffuse lymphoid tissue pharyngeal tonsil = traps and detects antigens in the incoming air epithelium = ciliated pseudostratified goblet cells = abundant glands = abundant smooth muscle = none elastic = present |
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oropharynx
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naso => oro => laryngeal
lined by oral mucosa => nonkeratinized stratified squamous epi |
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laryngeal pharynx
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occupies the area swept by the epiglottis
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larynx
epithelium? goblet cells? glands? cartilage? smooth muscle? elastic? |
formed from plates of hyaline and elastic cartilage covered by epithelium and CT
epithelium = ciliated psuedostratified goblet cells = abundant glands = abundant cartilage = complex (hyaline and elastic) smooth muscle = none elastic = present |
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trachea - mucosa
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ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
cells in epi = goblet cells, brush cells, enteroendocrine cells, and basal cells (stem cells) thick basement membrane composed primarily of collagen => acidophilic staining lamina propria = rich in elastic fibers diffuse lymphatic tissue may or may not be there |
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trachea - submucosa
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loose CT
diffuse lymphatic tissue (may or may not be there) SEROMUCOUS GLANDS - mixed glands |
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trachea - cartilage layer
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** C-shaped ring of hyaline cartilage **
cartilage ring keeps trachea open in spite of changes in air pressure muscle bands (trachealis muscles) => close the gap as the ends of the C-shaped cartilage ring fibroelastic tissue |
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large bronchi
epithelium? goblet cells? glands? cartilage? smooth muscle? elastic? |
epithelium = ciliated pseudostratified
goblet cells = present glands = present cartilage = complete rings smooth muscle = crisscrossing spiral bundles elastic = abundant |
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small bronchi
epithelium? goblet cells? glands? cartilage? smooth muscle? elastic? |
epithelium = ciliated pseudostratified
goblet cells = few glands = few cartilage = plates and islands smooth muscle = crisscrossing spiral bundles elastic = abundant |
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bronchi - mucosa
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ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
basement membrane decreases in thickness |
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bronchi - muscularis
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smooth muscle (continuous layer in larger bronchi, discontinuous in smaller bronchi)
organized in spiral pattern around bronchus controls diameter of bronchus |
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bronchi - submucosa
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loose CT => lots of BV
glands = decrease in # as bronchial diameter decreases adipose tissue |
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regular bronchioles
epithelium? goblet cells? glands? cartilage? smooth muscle? elastic? |
epithelium = ciliated pseudostratified
goblet cells = scattered glands = none cartilage = none smooth muscle = crisscrossing spiral bundles elastic = abundant |
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terminal bronchioles
epithelium? goblet cells? glands? cartilage? smooth muscle? elastic? |
epithelium = ciliated simple columnar
goblet cells = none glands = none cartilage = none smooth muscle = crisscrossing spiral bundles elastic = abundant |
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respiratory bronchioles
epithelium? goblet cells? glands? cartilage? smooth muscle? elastic? |
epithelium = ciliated simple cuboidal
goblet cells = none glands = none cartilage = none smooth muscle = crisscrossing spiral bundles elastic = abundant |
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clara cells
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location = bronchioles
dome-shaped apical surface secrete lipoprotein => surface active agent => prevents adhesion of the luminal surfaces |
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bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
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each bronchioles serves one pulmonary lobule
short length (<1mm) epithelium transition: cil pse col => cil sim col => cil cub clara cells and goblet cells NO cartilage NO glands smooth muscle bands |
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alveolar ducts
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elongated airways lined by alveoli
=> simple squamous epithelium => underlying capillaries smooth muscle => spiral arrangement => form rings around openings of alveoli => control diameter of alveolar opening |
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alveoli
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endothelial cells => anastomosing capillary network
simple squamous epithelium type I alveolar cells (95%) type II alveolar cells => secrete surfactant brush cells => sensory function |
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surfactant
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surface active glycolipid
secreted by type II alveolar cells reduces the surface tension at the air-alveolar epithelium interface => necessary for gasses to pass the moisture barrier at the free surface of the cells alveolar epithelial cells |
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alveolar pores (pores of kohn)
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openings between adjacent alveoli
equalize air pressure |
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alveolar (pulmonary) macrophages (dust cells)
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migrate over the surfaces in the pneumocytes in the air spaces
phagocytose particulate material that reaches alveoli some leave the lung via the bronchial tree some migrate into the CT septa and die release enzymes (elastase) that attack CT |
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blood-air barrier
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formed by the fusion of the basal lamina of the capillary endothelial cells and the alveolar epithelial cells
type I alveolar cells = thin, allow for gas exchange to occur; CT layer NOT present type II alveolar cells = too thick; thin CT layer; secrete surfactant surfactant layer = 1 molecule thick surfactant = reduces the surface tension at the air-alveolar epithelium interface, which is necessary for gasses to pass the moisture barrier at the free surface of the cells alveolar epithelial cells |
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pulmonary circulation
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pulmonary artery = carries un-oxygenated blood from the heart; supplies capillaries of the alveoli
pulmonary vein = principle vein; drains alveoli; returns oxygenated blood to heart |
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bronchial circulation
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bronchial arteries = carries oxygenated blood from the aorta to all tissue other than the alveoli
bronchial veins = drains CT of hilus; returns unoxygenated blood to the heart via venous circulation |
