Respiratory System Histo

Front 1

a. Conducting:

Back 1

air from outside nose to lower RT, nostrils to termincal bronchiole (nasal cavity, pharyxn, laryxn, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles. Terminal bronchioles, provides conduit thru air tranvels to/from lungs, condition inspired air and remove particles

Front 2

respiratory portion

Back 2

actual exchange of gases occurs, starts from respi bronchiole down to alveolus, external: xchange b/w blood and alveolus, internal: xchange b/w blood and cells of body

Front 3

2) Classify typical respi epithelium

Back 3

a. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells
b. 300 cilia, mitochondria for energy,
c. goblet- mucous traps foreign,
d. brush cells- columnar, for sensory redception,
e. basal- small, stem cells/regeneration,
f. small granule/kulchitsky cells: pop of cells belong to diffused neuroendocrine sys

Front 4

a. Olfactory epi:

Back 4

pseudostratified columnar elpithelium w/out goblet cells
b. 3 cell types: supporting columnar – yellow, broad cylindrical w/ microvilli, basal: small spherical at base, olfactory cell: in middle, bipolar neurons
c. Bowmna’s gland- in b/w cells, lamina propria, secretes fluid environment around olfactory cilia for new access

Front 5

f. Nasal cavity:

Back 5

i. Vestibule
1. Ant/ dilated
2. Sebaceous glands/sweat, thick short hairs = vibrissae filter
ii. Nasal fossa
1. Divided by nasal septum
2. Conchae- shelf life projections
a. Sup: olf epi
b. Med: respi epi
c. Inf: respi epi
d. Condition inspired air – increase SA/turbulence
3. Swell bodies
a. Large venous plexus in lamina propria, engorged by blood to avoid desiccation of epi
b. Rich vascular

Front 6

g. Paranasal sinus:

Back 6

i. Closed cavities in frontal, maxillary, ethomoid, sphenoid bone
ii. Lined by thin respi epi. Few goblet
iii. Lamina propira: few small glands, continuos w/ underlying periosteum,
iv. Fxn: resonate sounds

Front 7

h. Nasopharyxn:

Back 7

i. Lined by respi epi in portion in contact w/ soft palate
ii. Patch of sqau epi occurs w/ increasing age- WALDeyers ring

Front 8

larynx

Back 8

i. Irreg tube, connects pharyxn to trachea, larygneal cartilages in lamina propria
ii. Hyaline cartilage: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid
iii. Elastic catilage: epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate
iv. Maintain open airway, prevent swallowed food from entering larynx, participate in producing sound
v. Epiglottis: lingual: stratified squa epi, laryngeal: respi epi
vi. Vestibular folds/false vocal:
1. Respi epi w/ serous glands beneeath
vii. Vocal folds
1. Non keratinizging stratified squamous epi

Front 9

j. Trachea:

Back 9

i. C shaped hyaline cartilages in lamina propria to keep open
ii. Lined by typical respi epi
iii. Seromucous glands
iv. Post side: connected by fibroelastic ligament and trachaelis ms, bound to pericondrium

Front 10

a. Bronchus:

Back 10

i. Like trachea, cartilage, glands and respi epi
ii. Hyaline cartilage are irregular/scattered
iii. Lyphoid tissue underneath epithelium called BALT
iv. Mast cell: wall- fxn mediate for allergic rxn

Front 11

b. Bronchioles:

Back 11

i. <5mm diameter, no cartilage or glands, less goblet, respi epi
ii. Neuroendocrine cells- chemorepcetors- ract to changes in gas composition w/in airway, repair, encircled in smooth ms

Front 12

terminal bronchioles

Back 12

i. No goblet, gland, cartilage
ii. Smooth ms surrounding, simple columnar epithelium w or w/out cilia
iii. CLARA cells- devoid of cilia, contain secretory granules, proteins which protect bronchial epithelium from oxidative pollutants

Front 13

respi bronchioles

Back 13

i. Already exchange of gas
ii. Similar to terminal bronchi but wall discontinuous, ioens into alveolus
iii. Cilia absent in more distal

Front 14

9) Enumerate layers that comprise blood air barrier

Back 14

a. Layers that need to be trasversed by gases
b. Start from luminal /capillary side
i. Endothelial cells, fused basement membrane of epithelium, alveolar squamous cell

Front 15

8) State fxns of cells found in alveolar septum

Back 15

a. Type 1: squamous alveolar cell
i. Thin, 97% of alveolar surface
b. Type 2: great alveolar cell
i. Large, clumped, laminar bodies, manufacture surfactant -> prevents collapse of lungs during expiration

Front 16

structure of alveolar septum

Back 16

alveolar wall
1) inner alveolar lining
-squamous alveolar cell (type i) epithelium
-great alveolar cell (type 2)- secretory
-alveolar phagocytes- dust, cell, heart failure cell
-basal lamina
2) pulmonary caipllaries:
-endothelial cells
-basal lamina
3) interstitial CT

Front 17

primary lung lobule

Back 17

functional respiratory unit
-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveoli, BV, lymphatics, nerves and CT