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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aveol
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Small Cavity
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Bronch
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Windpipe
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Carcin
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Spreading Sore
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Cric
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Ring
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Carin
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Keel-Like
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Epi
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Upon
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Hem
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Blood
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Inhal
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Breath in
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Phren
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Diaphram
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Tuber
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Swelling
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Respiration
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Breathing
Exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells |
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Inspiration
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Inhalation
Breathing In |
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Expiration
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Expulsion of air from the lungs
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Internal Respiration
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Exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells
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External Respiration
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Exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood
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The pitch of the voice is controlled by
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changing the tension of the vocal cords
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What effect does lengthening and shortening your vocal cords have on pitche?
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* Increase of tension produces a higher pitch
* Decreasing tension creates a lower pitch |
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Where are the sinuses located?
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Sinuses are air filled spaces
Located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones of the skull |
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What are the branches of the bronchial tree? (In Order)
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1) Primary Bronchi
2) Secondary Bronchi 3) Tertiary Bronchi 4) Bronchioles 5) Alveolar Ducts 6) Alveolar Sacs 7) Alveoli |
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What is surfacant?
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Substance produced by the lungs that reduces the surface tension in alveoli
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Who do the alveoli need surfacant?
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Reduce the alveoli's tendency to collapse (especially when lung volumes are low)
Also makes it easier for inspiratory efforts to inflate the alveoli |
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What causes water surface tension?
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Surface Tension - Attraction for water molecules to attache to one another
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Where is the medullary respiratory?
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Brainstem / Medulla Oblongata
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What is the medullary respiratory center subdivided into?
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* Ventral Respiratory Group
* Dorsal Respiratory Group |
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What is the (VRG) Ventral Respiratory Group responsible for?
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Basic rhythm of breathing
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What is the (DRG) Dorsal Respiratory Group responsible for?
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Stimulates inspiratory muscles, primarily the diaphram.
(Forceful Breathing) |
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(TV) Tidal Volume
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Volume of air moved in or out of lungs during respiratory cycle
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(IRV) Inspiratory Reserve Volume
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Volume that can be inhaled during forced breathing in addition to resting tidal volume
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(ERV) Expiratory Reserve Volume
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Volume that can be exhaled during forced breathing in addition to resting tidal volume
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(RV) Residual Volume
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Volume that remains in the lungs at all times
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(IC) Inspiration Capacity
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Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume
IC = TV + IRV |
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(FRC) Functional Residual Capacity
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Volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of resting tidal volume
FRC = ERV + RV |
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(VC) Vital Capacity
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Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible.
VC = TV + IRV + ERV |
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(TLC) Total Lung Capacity
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Total volume of air that the lungs can hold
TLC = VC + RV |
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What are the types of cells that make up the wall of an alveolus?
Which is the most abundant? |
Type I - Squamous Epitheleum Cell
Type II - Surfacant secreting cell * Type II is the most abundant |
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What gases are transported in the blood?
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Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
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Oxygen transport in blood
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Combines w/ iron atoms of hemoglobin molecules
Substance transported: Oxyhemoglobin |
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Carbon Dioxide transport in blood
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* 7% dissolve in plasma
(carbon dioxide transported) * 23% combines w/ amino groups of hemoglobin molecules carbominohemoglobin transported) * 70% reacts w/ water to form carbonic acid; the carbonic acid then dissaciates to release hydrogen ions & bicarbonate ions (bicarbonate ions transported) |
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What is the job of carbonic anhydrase?
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Speeds reaction between carbon dioxide (CO2) and water to form carbonic acid
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What happens during a chloride shift?
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Movement of chloride ions from blood plasma into red blood cells as bicarbonate ions diffuse out of red blood cells into plasma
This exchange of position maintains ionic balance between red blood cells and plasma |
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Portions of the larynx that prevents foreign objects from entering the trache are the
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Glottis & Epiglottis
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Stretch of Tissue (Factor that effects breathing)
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Receptors stimulated:
Stretch receptors in visceral pleura, bronchioles & alveoli Response: Inhibits inspiration Effect: Prevents overinflation of lungs during forceful breathing |
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Low plasma P02 (Factor that effects breathing)
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Receptors Stimulated:
Chemoreceptors Response: Increase alveolar ventilation Effect: Increases plasma P02 |
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High plasma Pco2 (Factor that affects breathing)
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Receptors stimulated:
Chemosensitive areas of respiratory center Response: Increase alveolar ventilation Effect: Decreases plasma Pco2 |
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High cerebrospinal fluid hydrogen ion concentration (Factor that effects breathing)
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Receptors Stimulated:
Chemosensitive areas of respiratory center Response: Increases alveolar ventilation Effect: Decreases plasma Pco2 |
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Non Respiratory Air Movements
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Coughing - Sneezing - Laughing - Crying - Hiccuping - Yawing - Speech
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Deep breath taken, glottis is closed, and air is forced against closure. Suddenly glottis opens and blast of air passes upward
Function : Clears lower respiratory passages |
Coughing
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Deep breath taken, glottis is closed, and air is forced upward and directed into the nasal cavity by depressing the uvula
Function: Clears upper respiratory passages |
Sneezing
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Deep breath is released in a series of short expirations
Function: Express Happiness :) |
Laughing
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Deep breath is released in a series of shirt expirations
Function: Express Sadness :( |
Crying
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Diaphram contracts spasmodically while glottis is closed
No useful function Known |
Hiccuping
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Deep breath is taken
Function: Some hypotheses, but no established function |
Yawning
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Air is forced through the larynx, causing vocal cords to vibrate, action of lips, tongue and soft palate form words
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Speech
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What effect doe hyperventilation have on carbon dioxide in the blood?
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Lowers the blood Co2 concentration below normal
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The serous membrane covering the inner wall of the thoracic cavity is the.
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Parietal pleura
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The serous membrane covering the lungs is the
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Visceral pleura
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What seperates the parietal & visceral pleura?
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The Pleural Cavity
(Contains only a thin film of serous fluid that lubricates the adjacent pleural surfaces to reduce friction) |
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Which nerve carries impulses to the diaphram for breathing?
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Phrenic Nerve
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Absence or deficiency of oxygen w/in tissues
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Anoxia
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Deficiency of oxygen and excess carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues
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Asphyxia
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Collapse of a lung or some portion of it
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Atelectasis
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Abnormally slow breathing
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Bradypnea
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Inflammation of the bronchial lining
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Bronchitis
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Difficulty breathing
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Dyspenia
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Normal breathing
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Eupenia
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Blood in the pleural cavity
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Hemothorax
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Excess oxygenation of the blood
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Hyperoxia
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Increase in depth & rate of breathing
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Hyperpenia
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Prolonged, rapid & deep breathing
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Hyperventilation
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Dimished availability of oxygen in tissues
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Hypoxia
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Entrance of air into the space between the pleural membranes, followed by collapse of the lung
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Pneumothorax
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Inflammation of the nasal cavity lining
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Rhinitis
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Inflammation of the sinus cavity lining
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Sinusitis
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Rapid, shallow breathing
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Tachypnea
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Incision in the trachea for exploration or removal of a foreign object
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Tracheotomy
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