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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 activities of the respiratory process
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ventilation+external respiration+transportation of gases+internal respiration+cellular respiration
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what are the structures of upper respiratory tract +what are the structures of lower respiratory tract
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nose+pharynx +larynx
trachea+bronchial tree+lungs |
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functions of nasal cavity
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warm, filter,moisten the air
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what are external nares, internal nares,hard palate, soft palate, uvula, nasal conchae?
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external nares:(nostrils)opening from the outside to the nasal cavity/internal nares:opening to the pharynx/hard palate:anterior portion of the roof of the mouth/ soft palate:posterior portion that has no bony support/uvula:functions to help direct food into the oropharynx/ nasal conchae:bony ridges that projects medialy into the nasal cavity from each lateral wall
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in what specific regions of the pharynx are the pharyngeal, palatine+lingual tonsils located?
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pharyngeal tonsils are in nasopharynx/ palatine + lingual tonsils are in the oropharynx
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what are the 3 largest cartilages in the larynx
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epiglottis/tyroid /cricoid
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what type of cartilage forms the framework of the trachea
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hyaline cartilage
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what 2 structural features of the tracheal lining function to prevent dirt + other particles fro mentering the lower resp. tract?>?
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mucus from the goblet cells trap particles and cilia help moves mucus out of the tract
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trace the branching of the bronchial tree from the trachea to the alveoli i nthe lungs
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trachea->primary bronchi->secondary bronchi->tertiary bronchi->bronchioles->terminal bronchioles->respiratory bronchioles->alveolar ducts->alveoli
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what structural feature of the aleveoli permits the rapid diffusion of gases
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they ar ecomposed of simple squamous epithelium whic is very thin
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how many lobes are in the right lung? left lung?
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right lung: 3 left lung: 2
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what is between the parietal pleura + visceral pleura?
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pleural cavity is between the parietal pleura + visceral pleura. this space contains thin film of sereous fluid for lubrication
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during inspiration, which one of the 3 pressures involved in pulmonary ventilation is the greatest?
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atmospheric pressure is the greatest
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why is inspiration considered an active process while expiration is a passive process?
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it involves contraction of diaphragm/expiration involves relaxation of diaphragm
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what substances reduces surface tension within the alveoli
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surfactant
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identify 4 respiration volumes and 4 respiration capacities on a spirogram
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4 respiratory volumes: tidal+inspiratory reserve+ expiratory reserve+ residual volume/ 4 respiratory capacities are:vital capacity-inspiratory capacity-functional residual capacity-total lung capacity
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how do age, sex, body build.physical conditioning affect lung volumes + capacities?
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lung volume usually declines after early adulthood/female volume is less than male/tall people have greatest volume than short ones/thin people have greatest volumes than obese/physical conditioning increases lung capacities.
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what 2 properties of gases (gas laws) have an effect on the diffusion of the gas?
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dalton's law of partial pressure + Henry's law
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a molecule of O2 diffuses from the aleveolus to capillary blood during external respiration.name, in sequence, the 6 layers it must pass through
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thin layer of fluid that lines the alveolus/simple squamous epithelium of alveolar wall/basement membrane of epithelium/small interstitial space/basement membrane of capillary epithelium/simple squamous epithelium of capillary wall
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if the thickness of the respiratory membrane increases + and other factors remain constant, how is the rate if external respiration affected?
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the rate of external respiration is decreased
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where does internal respiration take place
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internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the tissue cells and the blood in the tissue capillaries/
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how does an increase in CO2 concentration affect the ability of O2 to combine with hemoglobin?
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an increase in CO2 concentration decreases the ability of O2 to combine with hemoglobin
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which normally provides more stimulus x breathing- a decrease in O2 or an increase in CO2?
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an increase in CO2 provides more stimulus x breathing
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how is most of the CO2 transported by the blood?
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as bicarbonate ions
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where is the respiratory center located in the brain
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in the pons and medulla oblongata
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what nerve sends inspiratory impulses to the diaphragm? to the external intercostal muscles?
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phrenic nerve sends impulses to the diaphragm/intercostal nerves send impulses to the external intercostal muscles
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the pathway of inhaled air is
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nasal cavity,pharynx.larynx,trachea,bronchi,alveoli
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given atmospheric pressure that 760mm Hg,intraalveolar pressure that 763 mm Hg and intrapleural pressure that 756 mm Hg which is indicated
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expiration phase of ventilation
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given that x a particular patient the tidal volume=450ml,inspiratory reserve vol=2800ml,expiratory reserve v.=105ml, residual vol.=1200ml what is the patient vital capacity
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4300 ml
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given that x a particular patient the tidal volume=450ml,inspiratory reserve vol=2800ml,expiratory reserve v.=105ml, residual vol.=1200ml what is the patient inspiratory capacity
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3250
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which of the following is not true about external respiration: a)CO2 enters blood +O2 enters alveoli - b)gases diffuses across respiratory membrane in lungs- c)an accumulation of fluid in the alveoli decreases the diffusion rate / d)surface area of the alveoli affects the diffusion rate
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a)CO2 enters blood +O2enters alveoli
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what of these statements are true or false about pleura + lungs?:
1-the left lung has 3 lobes + is longer that the right lung 2-the pleural cavity is between teh visceral pleura+alveoli 3-the heart makes an indentation called cardiac nothc in the left lung 4-lungs are divided into bronchopulmonary segments, each with its own segmental bronchus |
1- f
2- f 3- t 4- t |
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the affinity of hemoglobin + O2 drecreases when?
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CO2 levels increase
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more than 2/3 of the CO2 transported in the blood is:
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in the form of bicarbonate ions
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the respiratory center in the brain includes neurons in the?
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medulla oblongata + pons
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chemoreceptors in the central nervous system stimulate inspiration when they detect?
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increased hydrogen ions + CO2 levels
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what pair is mismatched?
a)nasopharynx/opening x auditory tubes b)oropharynx-fauces c)oropharynx/palatine tonsils d)nasopharynx/adenoids |
nasopharync/adenoids
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write the meaning of the following abbreviations:
VC/CRD/IPPB/RDS/SRS/COPD/CF |
VC=vital capacity
CRD=chronic respiratory disease IPPB=intermittent positive-pressure breathing RDS=respiratory distress syndrome SRS=somker's respiratory syndrome COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CF=cystic fibrosis |
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write the meaning of the following abbreviations:
URI/TB/SOB/SIDS/SAS/PFT/PEEP/IPF |
URI=
TB=tuberculosis SOB=shortness of breath SIDS=sudden infant death syndrome SAS=sleep apnea syndrome PFT=pulmonary function rest PEEP=positive end-expiration pressure IPF=idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis |
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how many secondary (lobe) bronchi are associated with the right lung?
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3
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what is the name of the serous membran that encloses the lung?
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pleura
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what is the accumulation of air in the pleural cavity called?
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pneumothorax
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why does the lung often collapse when air enters the pleural cavity?
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it increases the intrapleural pressure so that intrapulmonary pressure is no longer greater than intrapleural pressure
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what is the significance of surfactant in the lungs?
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it reduces the surface tension of the fluid within the alveoli so they expand more readily
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during a recent episode of pneumonia, Marie had fluid accumulate in her alveoli. Explain how this affected her vital capacity
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it will reduce her vital capacity because the fluid displaces the air
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emphysema characterized by shortness of breath and inability to tolerate phyical exertion, destroys alveolar walls. how does this affect external respiration?
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it decreases the effectiveness of external rspiration because the surface are for gas exchange is reduced.
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why does anemia with reduced hemoglobin levels result in less O2 being delivered to the tissues?
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the primary way O2 is transported i nthe blood is attached to hemoglobin and if there is reduced hemoglobin there is reduced O2 transport + reduced delivery
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patients with severe chronic lung disease often have elevated CO2 levels in the blood. how does this affect the body's pH?
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thiswill lower the pH
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whateffect does an elevated hydrogen ion concentration have on the medullary respirtatory centers?
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it will stimulate the medullary respiratory centers to increase the rate and depth of breathing
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what nerves carries impulses from medullary respiratory center to the diaphragm?
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phrenic nerves
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non respiratory air movements
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sneexing- coughing-sighing-hiccuping-crying-laughin-yawning
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Hering -Breuer reflex
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stretch reflex in the lungs that prevents overinflation of lungs
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