Respiratory System Ch 14 -Mc-Grawhill 4Th Edition S Gunstream

Front 1

respiratory system and cardiovascular systems fullfill what requirement?

Back 1

Supply of oxygen and removal of CO2

Front 2

Respiration

Back 2

overall process of gas exchange between atmosphere and body cells

Front 3

Ventilation

Back 3

movement of air in and out of lungs

Front 4

External Respiration

Back 4

gas exchange between air and blood in lungs by diffusion

Front 5

Internal Respiration

Back 5

gas exchange between blood and body cells

Front 6

Upper respiratory system

Back 6

above layrnx incl palates, nose, oral cavity, pharynx

Front 7

structures

Back 7

nostrils/nares
nasal conchae - increases surface
pharynx - throat
tonsils
trachea - windpipe
larynx - houses vocal cords
epiglottis
Palate - hard and soft (uvula)

Front 8

pharynx

Back 8

throat incl nasopharanyx , oropharynx (middle), laryngopharynx (bottom-goes into larynx
passage to nasal & oral cavities.

Front 9

epiglottis

Back 9

closes windpipe when eating.
glottis is hole into trachea

Front 10

nose

Back 10

nasal bones, nostrils, nasal cavity, nasal septum,
3 nasal conchae which increase surface of nasal cavity. lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Front 11

tonsils

Back 11

clumps of lymphatic tissue at openings to pharynx

Front 12

three sets of tonsils

Back 12

palatine
pharyngeal
lingual

Front 13

Larynx

Back 13

covers vocal cords. cartilagenous boxlike structure
passage for air betw trachea & Pharynx.
thyroid cartilage - adams apple

Front 14

cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis

Back 14

cricoid - connects to trachea.
epiglottis
both are supported by ligaments that extend from hyoid bone

Front 15

vocal cords

Back 15

folds of mucus membranes, relaxed during breathing, contract and vibrate to produce sounds. glottis is opening between cords

Front 16

changes that occur during swallowing

Back 16

goal-prevent food from entering trachea.
muscles lift larynx up, epiglottis folds over glottis, food directed into esophagus.

Front 17

trachea

Back 17

tube from larynx into thoracic cavity that branches to form primary bronchi. C shaped cartilage support, lined by ciliated membrane

Front 18

Bronchial Tree

Back 18

trachea divides into R & L primary bronchi which enter into R and L lungs

Front 19

Lungs - lobes

Back 19

three lobed on right, 2 on left

Front 20

primary bronchi branches into
secondary and branches into bronchioles

Back 20

secondary bronchi on each lung ( bronchi still have cartilage support)
bronchioles small tubes lacking cartilage, smooth muscle., cuboidal epithelium.

Front 21

terminal bronchioles

Back 21

end of tree and these form alveolar ducts. ducts terminate in alveoli

Front 22

Alveoli

Back 22

300M per lung. site of respiratory gas exchange
filled with watery fluid to aid diffusion,

Front 23

Surfectant

Back 23

watery fluid that prvents alveolar collapse during exhilation. (reduces attraction between water molecules)

Front 24

Lungs

Back 24

Cone shaped consist of alveoli, air passageways, blood & lymphatic vessels & connective tissue, divided into lobes

Front 25

Lungs- serous membranes

Back 25

surrounded by serous memb.
visceral pleura - attached to lung surface
Parietal Pleura - lines thorax wall & mediastinum
Pleural Cavity. space between two pleurae, filled with serous fluid to reduce friction, helps keep pleurae pressed together

Front 26

Breathing

Back 26

process that exchanges air between atmosphere and alveoli

Front 27

Air- pressure gradient

Back 27

moves from high pressure region to low pressure region.

Front 28

Inspiration

Back 28

process of breathing air into lungs
volume bigger allows air to flow into lungs.

Front 29

movements/body parts that aid in respiration

Back 29

Diaphragm, External intercostal muscles.
normal resp. - ext. Intercostals,

Front 30

Expiration

Back 30

Diaphragm & intercostals relaxed.
Expiration is passive process so muscles are relaxed

Front 31

Respiratory volumes

Back 31

adult 12-15 quiet breathing cycles per minute
volume depended on various factors incl age, physical condition, gender
less tha n 80% is resp. disease

Front 32

Tidal Volume

Back 32

Normal breathing inhaled/exhaled during quiet breathing
500mL

Front 33

vital capacity -

Back 33

exhale all and inhale forcibly measured (total volume that can be moved into lungs forcibly)
3000 mL

Front 34

Respiratory distress syndrome

Back 34

newborns due to insufficient surfectant production in alveoli

Front 35

Total Lung Capacity

Back 35

5800mL

Front 36

Control of breathing

Back 36

neurons in respiratory center in pons and medulla

Front 37

Medullary respiratory center

Back 37

controls rythmic nature
two components: Inspiratory and exipiratory areas

Front 38

Inspiratory area

Back 38

neurons rythmically depolarize and send impulses to diaphragm & intercostals to contract, when they relax, expiration occurs

Front 39

Expiratory Area

Back 39

activated when deeper inspirations are needed. causes forceful exhalation.

Front 40

Pons Respiratory Center

Back 40

coordinates actions of medullary center. produces smooth insp. & expir. its neurons stimulate medullary area to increase depth and length of insp. neurons that inhibit decrease depth & length

Front 41

factors influencing breathing
inflation reflex

Back 41

visceral pleurae have stretch resceptors, inspiration stretches visceral pleurae. can only take so much air in b4 it triggers receptors to stop
impulses sent to vagus nerve - inhibits formation of impulses causing inspiration, promotes expiration and prevents excessively deep insp.

Front 42

involuntary impulses

Back 42

emotional experiences & Chronic pain increase breathing rate
sudden emotional exp, sharp pain or sudden cold stimulus can cause apnea

Front 43

Body temp affects breathing

Back 43

increase in temp = incr breathing
decrease in temp = decrease

Front 44

Chemicals
important chemical factors

Back 44

CO2
H+ions
O2

Front 45

Chemoreceptors

Back 45

detect changes in these chemicals. senses how much CO2.

Front 46

Respiratory center sensitive to changes in CO2 & H+ ions

Back 46

increase in CO2 & H+ causes respiratory center to increase rate & depth of breathing. lowers levels of CO2/H+ to normal. causes brief apnea to give time to return to normal

Front 47

Carotid & Aortic bodies

Back 47

sensitive to O2 concentration. low oxygen levels causes them to send impulses to resp. center. O2 levels have little effect on normal breathing unless very low. opposite is respiratory center which is sensitive to CO2

Front 48

Gas exhange
External respiration
diffusion

Back 48

exchange between air in alveoli & blood in capillaries. diffusion thru respiratory membrane
high to low pressure.

Front 49

pulmonary macrophages

Back 49

stationary

Front 50

mechanism

Back 50

Blood entering alveolar capillaries O2 poor and CO2 rich.
Alveolar air has higher concentration of O2.
O2 moves from air into blood
CO2 moves from blood into air
blood leaving alveolar capillaries is O2 rich, CO2 poor

Front 51

Internal respiration

Back 51

gas exchange between blood & tissue cells, involves diffusion thru capillary walls.
no involvement with alveoli

Front 52

Mechanism of internal respiration

Back 52

blood entering tissues O2 rich CO2 poor. (tissues have lower concentration of O2 and higher CO2- higher to lower movement.
O2 moves into tissues from blood
CO2 is released by tissues into blood

Front 53

transport of respiratory gases

Back 53

in alveolar capillaries 97% of O2 enters RBC's and forms oxyhemoglobin. binds to heme. 3% dissolved in plasma
in body tissues 25% of O2 is releaseed to form deoxyhemoglobin. This bond is unstable . if O2 levels high, hemoglobin readily binds, if low, readily releases O2

Front 54

CO2 transport

Back 54

when CO2 diffuses from capillary blood it takes three pathways:
7% dissolved in plasma
23% combines with globin of hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin
70% enters RBC and combines with water to form carbonic acid.

Front 55

Carbonic acid

Back 55

breaks down into H+and bicarbinate ions