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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Basic structure and anatomy
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Nasal cavity
Pharynx larynx trachea bronchii alveoli lungs |
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Importance of the alveoli
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Alveoli and Alveolar sac
Surrounded by blood vessels where gas exchange occurs btwn air and blood Pulmonary surfactant coats inner surface of alveoli Reduces surface tension and reduces the effort needed to expand the lung Without it – lungs would collapse |
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3 operations for gas exchange
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Ventilation
moving air in and out of lungs Perfusion movement of blood through pulmonary vessels Diffusion O2 enters blood, and CO2 leaves |
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Ventilation – inspiration/expiration and pressure change associated with each
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Ventilation
moving air in and out of lungs Inspiration pressure outside is > pressure in lungs muscles are contracted to draw air deep into lungs Expiration at rest; passive process pressure inside is greater elastic recoil- thoracic walls and lungs spring back |
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Requirements for ventilation
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Rate of ventilation (must be high enough to maintain homeostasis)
Requirements: Open airways Defense mechanisms insure clean, warm moist air enters lungs cough, gag and swallowing reflexes Proper pressure changes in thoracic cavity and lungs Compliance thoracic cavity and lungs must easily expand Control systems nervous system |
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Lung volume- vital capacity, residual volume,
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Tidal Volume
volume inspired=volume expired (normal breathing at rest) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - extra amount one can inspire Expiratory reserve volumeERV -extra amount one can expire Vital capacity - TV + IRV + ERV =VC Residual volume air remaining in lungs after expiration VC + RV = TLC (total lung capacity) |
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Recognize age changes in ventilation, alveoli and structure
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Ventilation:
decrease rate air can flow in system increase work of breathing (incr CO2 in blood) decrease in IRV and ERV, increase in RV = decrease in vital capacity decrease in minute volume (by 50%) decrease max rate of gas exchange Alveoli Loss of alveolar walls increase the size and reduce functional surface for gas exchange Cross-linkages develop between collagen fibers in the walls of alveoli Ratio of collagen to elastic fibers ↑ Impairs the ability of the alveoli to expand during inspiration = ↓ compliance = ↓ ventilation Lower percentage of oxygen available in alveoli is able to pass to the lung capillaries ↓ oxygen level in arterial blood |
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Relationship between lung function and exercise
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Lung Function and Exercise
Because there are no muscles in the walls of the lungs Diaphragm and respiratory muscles of the chest can be strengthened by exercise Ultimately, it is unclear whether exercise has any significant effect on lung elasticity Lung elasticity = important factor in respiratory function Tidal volume and vital capacity are not improved significantly by exercise. |
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Pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, COPD (chronic bronchitis, asthma and emphysema), pneumonia, tuberculosis
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Pulmonary Edema:
Swelling and/or fluid accumulation in the lungs Impaired gas exchange Respiratory failure Symptoms: difficulty breathing, coughing up blood, anxiety, pale skin + excessive sweating, pink frothy sputum pulmonary fibrosis: Caused by prolonged inflammation Lungs become replaced by fibrotic tissue leading to an irreversible loss of the tissues ability to transfer O2 into the bloodstream Excessive build up of scar tissue isn’t normal In pulmonary fibrosis damage to the alveoli causes the thin tissue that separates alveoli to scar. Symptoms: SOB, chronic dry hacking cough, chest discomfort, fatigue and weakness Hypoxemia – low blood oxygen levels Autoimmune or viral in nature. |
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Effect of smoking on the respiratory system
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Carcinogens (cancer causing agents) damage the cells that line the lungs.
After repeated exposure, the body is unable to repair damage. Abnormal changes in the cell can lead to cancer. Blood and lymph vessels in the lung allow cancer to spread easily to other parts of the body. |
