Respiratory System

Front 1

Parts of the nose (nasus)

Back 1

apex-tip
alae-inferior expansions uniting nose w/ lip
external nares-nostrils
bridge-nasal bones

Front 2

meati

Back 2

groovelike passages in nasal cavities formed by mucous membrane over conchae.

Front 3

nasal septum

Back 3

separates 2 nostrils
made up of:
anterior septal cartalige
post. and inf. plate of volmer bone
post. and sup. perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

Front 4

olfaction allowed by

Back 4

olfactory receptors in upper portion of nose

Front 5

mucous membrane in nasal cavity:

Back 5

psudostratified ciliated columnar cells
goblet cells
capillaries

Front 6

tears:

Back 6

drain from lacrimal glands into nasal cavities

Front 7

4 types of sinuses

Back 7

frontal (forehead)
maxillary (cheek)
ethmoidal (temple towards eye
sphenoidal (temple)

Front 8

pharynx

Back 8

(throat)- 5" tube w/ walls of skeletal muscle lined w. mucous membrane

Front 9

nasopharynx

Back 9

-lies over soft palate
-recieves 2 choanae and 2 Eustachian tubes
-opens into middle ear by swallowing or yawning
-helps equalize ear drum pressure and contains adenoids

Front 10

oropharynx

Back 10

-from the soft palate to hyoid bone level
contains palatine and ligual tonsils
recieves fauces

Front 11

laryngopharynx

Back 11

extends down from level of hyoid, empties into esophagus posteriorly
larynx/trachea anteriorly

Front 12

larynx funtions

Back 12

-valve keeps fluids out w/ cough reflex
valve regulates air flow
-framework for ligament and muscle attatchment
-connects pharynx w/ trachea
-makes sounds

Front 13

larynx structure

Back 13

walls surrounded by 9 pieces of cartalige (3 single and 3 paired)
mucous membrane lining

Front 14

mucous membrane lining of larynx

Back 14

2 pairs of folds:
vestibular/false vocal cords
vocal cords-stretch to thyroid cartalige

to make sounds:
skeletal muscles contract, pull cartalige, air forced through glottis

Front 15

cartlaige of larynx wall

Back 15

single:
thyroid-large w. adams apple
epiglottic-epiglottis, covers glottis
cricoid-smaller

paired:
arytenoid- most important, pyramidal
corniculate-cone like
cuneiforn-wedge shaped

Front 16

trachea

Back 16

uses cilia to move mucous to glottis
from larynx to 5th thoracic vertebra

Front 17

structure of trachea

Back 17

walls supported by horizontal C's of hyaline cartalige
open part of C smooth muscle
may expand into trachea during swallowing

Front 18

tracheotomy

Back 18

vertical slit in anterior wall of trachea

Front 19

tracheostomy

Back 19

fenestration of anterior wall of trachea

Front 20

bronchi

Back 20

Right bronchi
-takes air to right lung
-vertical, short, wide
Left bronchi
-takes air to left lung
-longer, skinnier

both have Cs of cartalige and ciliated epithelium

Front 21

carina

Back 21

ridge marking separation of 2 brimary bronchi

Front 22

secondary bronchi

Back 22

3 lobes in right lung
2 lobes in left lung

Front 23

tertiary bronchi

Back 23

one for each bronchopulmonary segment (10 per lung)

Front 24

flow of air through respiratory system

Back 24

Nose-pharynx-larynx-trachea
bronchi (primary-secondary-tertairy)-bronchioles-terminal broncioles-repiratory bronchioles-alveolar ducts-alveolar sacs-alveoli

Front 25

structure of alveoli

Back 25

type 1- simple squamous epithelial cells
type 2- septal cells (produces surfactant)

Front 26

respiratory membrane in alveoli

Back 26

epithelial cells
basement membrane (epithelial and capillary)
endothelial cells of capillary

Front 27

AIR (makeup)

Back 27

atmospheric (ambient)-21% O2, .04% CO2
expired- 16% O2, 4% CO2

Front 28

Lungs (location)

Back 28

*in thoracic cavity
*seperated by structures in mediastinum (heart, bl vessles)
*covered by parietal (outer) layer and visceral (inner) layer
secrete fluid into pleural cavity

Front 29

pleurisy

Back 29

swelling of pleura covering lunchs and chest

Front 30

lung structure

Back 30

Right lung:
thicker, broader, shorter
horizontal and oblique fissures

Left lung:
cardiac notch
only oblique fissure

Front 31

process of inhalation

Back 31

air in (active process)
1. diaphragm contracts and moves downward
2. external intercostal muscles contract (sternocleidomastoid, serratus, and scalenes musc.)
3. lowered intrathoracic pressure calses lowered intraceolar pressure

Front 32

process of exhalation

Back 32

air out (passive process)
1. diaphragm relaxed and abdominal wall pushes back into place
2. external intercostal muscles relax and gracity pulls ribs down.

Front 33

surfactant

Back 33

reason alvioli don't collapse when exhaling
keeps lungs from collapsing

Front 34

forced expiration

Back 34

internal intercostal muscles and rectus abdominus contract to pull ribs down.