Respiratory System

Front 1

oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the cells of the body and the respiratory system by the?

Back 1

circulatory system

Front 2

the smallest branches of the respiratory system tubes terminate in the clusters of microscopic air sacs called?

Back 2

alveoli

Front 3

gas exchange takes place between the blood and the atmosphere in structures called?

Back 3

alveoli

Front 4

blood enters the lung from the heart through a major artery known as the?

Back 4

pulmonary artery

Front 5

the mouth and nasal cavities meet in the region known as the?

Back 5

pharynx

Front 6

the nasal cavities open to the external environment at the nostrils, also called the?

Back 6

external nares

Front 7

passageways in the nasal cavity are separated from one another by bony extensions of the nasal septum known as the ?

Back 7

nasal conchae

Front 8

many bones of the skull contain openings from the nasal cavities referred to as?

Back 8

sinuses

Front 9

at the roof of the nasal cavities the sense of smell is associated with an area called the?

Back 9

olfactory region

Front 10

three functions of the nose include moistening the air, filtering the air, and ___?

Back 10

warming the air

Front 11

allergic reactions occurring within the nasal chambers are given the general name?

Back 11

allergic rhinitis

Front 12

another name for the pharynx is the ?

Back 12

throat

Front 13

the digestive and respiratory passageways meet one another at the region of the pharynx referred to as the?

Back 13

oropharynx

Front 14

the lateral walls of the nasopharynx contain openings of tubes from the middle ear known as?

Back 14

eustachian tubes

Front 15

the mass of lymphatic tissue on the medial posterior wall of the nasopharynx is the ?

Back 15

pharyngeal tonsils

Front 16

the largest cartilage of the larynx, also known as the Adam's apple, is the?

Back 16

thyroid cartilage

Front 17

the cartilage of the larynx that resembles a signet ring and connects the trachea and larynx is the ?

Back 17

cricoid cartilage

Front 18

the opening to the larynx is referred to as the?

Back 18

glottis

Front 19

vibrations of the vocal chords are due to air exhaled from the ?

Back 19

lungs

Front 20

because men have longer vocal chords, their voices have lower?

Back 20

pitch

Front 21

the trachea is supported by a series of C-shaped rings of?

Back 21

cartilage

Front 22

the two primary tubes that branch from the trachea are the?

Back 22

bronchi

Front 23

there is no cartilage in the tubes when the bronchi become?

Back 23

bronchioles

Front 24

bronchioles are composed entirely of muscle referred to as?

Back 24

smooth muscle

Front 25

the common name for inflammation of the bronchial tree is?

Back 25

bronchitis

Front 26

the lungs occupy most of the space of the?

Back 26

thoracic cavity

Front 27

the number of alveoli in the average adult numbers approximately?

Back 27

300 million

Front 28

the left lung is subdivided into two lobes while the right lung is subdivided into?

Back 28

three lobes

Front 29

the two-layer membrane surrounding each lung is the?

Back 29

pleura

Front 30

the outer layer of the pleura lining the inner surface of the thoracic cavity is the?

Back 30

parietal pleura

Front 31

the underlying principle of breathing is that air flows from the region of high pressure to a region of ?

Back 31

low pressure

Front 32

pressure changes occuring in the lungs can be traced to the activity of skeletal muscles known as?

Back 32

respiratory muscles

Front 33

during inspiration, the ribs are raised upward and outward by a set of respiratory muscles called?

Back 33

external intercostal muscles

Front 34

during inspiration, contractions cause the downward movement of a dome-shaped muscle known as the?

Back 34

diaphragm

Front 35

the relaxation of respiratory muscles compresses the thorax and increases the air pressure in the?

Back 35

lungs

Front 36

while inspiration is an active process, the process of expiration is a(n) ?

Back 36

passive process

Front 37

the amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs in a normal breath under resting conditions is the ?

Back 37

resting tidal volume

Front 38

the volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs after a forced inspiration is the ?

Back 38

vital capacity

Front 39

breathing is controlled by an area of the brain called the respiratory control center, which includes part of the medulla oblongate and the ?

Back 39

pons

Front 40

the respiratory centers in the brain are regulated indirectly by the bloodstream's level of?

Back 40

carbon dioxide

Front 41

the rate of breathing is controlled by an area of the brain known as the?

Back 41

pneumotaxic area

Front 42

the respiratory center is activated by the cerbrospinal fluid level of?

Back 42

hydrogen ions

Front 43

while the contraction of skeletal muscles is usually voluntary, the control of breathing is usually?

Back 43

involuntary

Front 44

the great majority of oxygen is carried in the body in association with?

Back 44

hemoglobin molecules

Hint 44

looking for a type of molecules...

Front 45

approximately 70-75% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in the form of?

Back 45

bicarbonate ions/sodium bicarbonate

Front 46

approximately 25-30% of the carbon dioxide in the body is carried?

Back 46

carboxyhemoglobin molecules

Front 47

the driving force behind the exchange of gases in the alveoli is the process of?

Back 47

diffusion

Front 48

while active transport is an active process for the movement of molecules, diffusion is a(n)?

Back 48

passive process

Front 49

during lung gas exchange, oxygen molecules move toward the ?

Back 49

red blood cells

Front 50

during lung gas exchange, carbon dioxide molecules move toward the ?

Back 50

alveolar sac

Front 51

Alveoli, Type I cells are what type of cells and are primarily for ___________ ?

Back 51

Simple squamous
primary site for gas exchange

Front 52

Alveoli, Type II cells, are what type of cells, and ____________?

Back 52

simple cuboidal
produce alveolar fluid with surfactant

Front 53

gas exchange between pulmonary capillaries and air in alveoli are known as ?

Back 53

external respiration

Hint 53

what type of respiration?

Front 54

gas exchange between tissue capillaries and interstitual fluid?

Back 54

internal respiration

Hint 54

what type of respiration?

Front 55

pressure changes during pulmonary ventilation (inhalation) changes in the alveola from _______ mmHg to _________mmHg.

Back 55

760 mmHg to 758 mmHg.

Front 56

forced inhalation uses which accessory muscles?

Back 56

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor

Front 57

4 factors which can cause low compliance of lungs?

Back 57

scar tissue in lungs (Tb, emphysema)
fluid in lung tissue (pulmonary edema)
lack of surfactant
inspiratory muscle paralysis

Front 58

coughing, sneezing, sighing, yawning, crying, sobbing, laughing, hiccupping are all examples of ?

Back 58

modified breathing

Front 59

chest raises due to external intercostals (shallow)

Back 59

costal breathing

Front 60

which type of breathing is known when abdomen protrudes due to diaphragm (deep)

Back 60

diaphragmatic breathing

Front 61

tidal volume

Back 61

volume of one quit breath
500 mL.

Front 62

minute ventilation
what is the formula

Back 62

total volume each minute
500 mL/breath x 12 breaths/min=6L/min

Front 63

inspiratory reserve volume

Back 63

additional amount that can be inhaled (FORCED)
3100 mL.

Front 64

expriatory reserve volume

Back 64

additional amount that can be exhaled after normal inhalation
1200 mL.

Front 65

residual volume

Back 65

air remaining in lungs/airways after maximum exhalation
1200 mL.

Front 66

anatomic dead space

Back 66

trachea, bronchi, air which never makes it to the lungs.
150 mL (30% of tidal)

Front 67

alveolar ventilation rate
FORMULA ?

Back 67

amount of air that reaches respiratory membrane each minute
500 mL (tidal) - 150 mL. (dead space) = 350 mL/breath

Front 68

Inspiratory capacity
FORMULA

Back 68

total of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve
500 mL. + 3100 mL = 3600 mL.

Front 69

functional residual volume (capacity)
FORMULA

Back 69

total of residual volume and expiratory reserve
1200 mL + 1200 mL. = 2400 mL

Front 70

vital capacity

Back 70

total of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve
500 + 3100 + 1200 = 4800 mL.

Front 71

total lung capacity

Back 71

total of vital capacity and residual volume
4800 + 1200 = 6000 mL (6 L.)

Front 72

spirometer

Back 72

measures volumes and respiratory rate.

Front 73

Daltons Law

Back 73

"each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present"

Front 74

rate of gas exchange depends on, 4 factors...

Back 74

partial pressure difference of the gasses ( high altitude sickness
surface area available for gas exchange (emphysema
diffusion distance (edema)
molecular weight and solubility of gases

Front 75

oxyhemoglobin is also referred to as ____________?

Back 75

fully saturated (4 O2)

Front 76

deoxyhemoglobin is also referred to as?

Back 76

partially saturated, P.O2 is high, Hb binds larg. amount of oxygen

Front 77

which hormones affect BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) to shift to the right (low affinity = weak binding)

Back 77

TH
hGH
E/NE
testosterone

Front 78

high ____ and ______ pH. will allow inspiratory area to override voluntary holding of breath?

Back 78

high CO2 and low pH. ...

Front 79

central chemoreceptors respond to ___, ___, and changes in ___?

Back 79

pH., CO2, and CSF.

Front 80

peripheral chemoreceptors respond to ___, ___, and ___ changes in blood.

Back 80

pH., CO2, and O2

Front 81

inflation reflex protects...?

Back 81

protects from overinflation of lungs, baroreceptors detect stretch in bronchi and bronchioles, send inhibitory inputs to inspiratory and apneustic centers

Front 82

somatic pain can cause ______ breathing?

Back 82

rapid

Front 83

prolonged visceral pain can cause?

Back 83

slowed breathing