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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Internal Respiration
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Exchange of o2 and co2 between tissue blood, capillaries and tissue cells
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Define External Respiration
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Exchange of o2 and co2 between the air in alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
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CO2
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Waste material removed by the respiratory system
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TRUE RIBS
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1ST-7TH articulate anteriorly to the sternum via the costal cartilage
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FALSE RIBS
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8th - 10th
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FLOATING RIBS
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11TH-12TH
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Respiratory system
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tract that presents an open passage leading from exterior to lungs
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Thoracic vertebrae
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protect the resp system by anchoring the thoracic ribs that house the mediastinum and lungs
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intercostal muscles
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originates at inferior border of corresponding rib; inser at superior border of rib below
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clavicles
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lie horizontally in superior anterior part of thorax, superior to 1st rib
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3 parts of sternum
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manubrium, body, xyphoid
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xyphoid
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smallest portion of sternum
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body
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largest portion of sternum
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angle of louis
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junction of manubrium and body of sternal angle
Provides anterior attachment of ribs via costal cartilage |
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diaphragm
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dome shaped skeletal muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity
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diaphragm
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most important muscle of inspiration
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Accessory Muscles
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SCM, SCALENE, PERTORALIS MINOR/MAJOR, SCAPULA
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SCM
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sternum/clavicle
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scapula
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post thorax between 2nd-7th ribs
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scalenes
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cervical/vertical insertion at 1st-2nd ribs
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Intercostal Neurovascular Bundle
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Costal groove of 1st-9th ribs contains intercostal artery, viens and nerves
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Pleura
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serous membrane covering lungs and lining the thoracic cavity
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Parietal Pleura
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outer layer partitions off the mediastinum and lines entire thoracic cavity
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visceral pleura
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covers the surface of the lungs
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Vestibule
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Anterior cartilagenous membrance inside nares
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hard palate
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formed by palatine bone, and pallatine process of maxilla
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PARTS of Pharynx
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Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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Nasopharynx
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has 5 openings: 2 Eustachian tubes; 2 internal nares; 1 oropharynx
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Oropharynx
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extends from soft palate to the level of hyoid bone; contains palatine and lingual tonsils
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laryngopharynx
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located below teh hyoid bone and behind larynx...opens into larynx and esophagus
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Function of Pharynx
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serves as passage for Respiratory and Digestive systems
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Larynx
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connects the phrarynx with trachea
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Laryngeal cartilages
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Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic
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Thyroid
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largest and forms the laryngeal prominence (Adam's Apple)
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Cricoid
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Ring of cartilage, forms interior wall of larynx
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Epiglottic
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Leaf shaped elastic cartilage, attached to the superior border of thyroid cartilage
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Mainstem Bronchi
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R bronchus is shorter, wider and takes and vertical course compared to the L bronchus
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R lung
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3 lobes; horizontal and oblique fissures
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L lung
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Oblique fissures
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Carina
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projection where the trachea divides into L/R bronchi
Triggers cough reflex |
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hilum
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depression of mediastinal surface of each lung, serves as entrance for bronchi, blood vessels and nerves into lungs
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alveoli
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functional unit of lungs
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alveoli
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gaseous exchange between blood and air occurs here
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TYPE 1 Alveolar
(SQUAMOUS PULMONARY EPITHELIAL CELLS) |
main sites where gas exchange takes place
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TYPE 2 Alveolar
(SEPTAL CELLS) |
Secrete alveolar fluid keeping alveolar cells moist
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alveolar macrophages
(dust cells) |
wandering phagocytes which remove dust particles and otehr debris in the alveolar space
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Pulmonary Surfactant
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Detergent like mixture of phospholipids and lipo protein decreases surface tension of alveolar fluid reducing tendency of alveoli to collapse completely
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Pulm Arteries
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carry blood from r vent to resp surfaces of lungs back to l atrium. carry deoxygenated blood
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Pulm Veins
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joins from pulm veins which carry oxygenated blood from lungs to L atrium
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Pulm Lympathics
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Drains lymph from interstitial spaces in lungs to lymph vesses to the r lymph/thoracic ducts - r/l subclavian veins
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Eupnea
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normal quiet breathing
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orthopnea
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dyspnea when sitting up
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Hyperppnea
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abnorm increase in depth and rate of resp
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Hypervent
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rate of insp that's required to maintain increase/decrease level of PCO2
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Apnea
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Temp cessation of breathing
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Tachypnea
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Excessing rapidity of resp
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Bradypnea
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abnorm slow breathing
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Pulm Resp
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exchange of gases between the atmosphere and teh alveoli
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Boyle's Law
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when size of closed container is increased, pressure inside is decreased (Vice Versa) while temp remains constant
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chemoreceptors
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monitor co2 and o2 levels and provide input to resp center to determine how fast/deep we breath
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Stretch receptor
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located in walls of brochi/bronchoiles (baroreceptors)
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HERING-BREUER REFLEX
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insp areas are no longer inhibited and new insp begins
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Limbic system
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anticipation of activity or emotional anxiety increase the rate/depth of resp
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residual volume
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air remains in alveoli and airways after exp = 1200ml
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vital capacity
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sum of insp reserve vol, TV, and exp reserve vol = 4800ml
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total lung capacity
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sum of all volumes = 6000 ml
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PFT
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Conducted to measure vol/rate of vent with spirometer
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forced vital capacity
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measure max vent vol avail to pt under condition of stress
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abg
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dx/tx of disturbance of acid base balance (p02/pc02
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diffusion gradient
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exchange of gases between lungs and blood from higher - lower concentration
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alveolar capillary membrane
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alveolar and cap wall
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02
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98.5% transported in combo with hemoglobin in RBCs
=oxyhemoglobin |
