Respiratory System

Front 1

Respiratory System=

Back 1

Ventilatory System

Front 2

What does the ventilation mechanism involve

Back 2

rib cage, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, lung elastic tissue

Front 3

primary function of the respiratory system?

Back 3

conduct oxygen via nasal cavities, trachea and bronchi into the depths of the lungs

Front 4

the depth of the lungs=

Back 4

conducting passages

Front 5

what plays the major role in gaseous exchange

Back 5

alveoli

Front 6

the first component: mechanical-4 points

Back 6

1.A supporting framework for minute air sacs (alveoli).

2.Support for the walls of larger respiratory passages; to prevent their collapse when intrathoracic pressure falls.

3. Recoil following distension and to prevent excess recoil of alveoli the lungs produce surfactant.

4.An antifriction mechanism facilitating lung movements within the thoracic cage during the respiratory cycle.

Front 7

the second component:protective-1 point

Back 7

If inhaled air reaches the alveoli unmodified, it would be potentially dangerous since it is not at correct temperature or humidity & is contaminated with bacteria & irritants such as dust particles.

Front 8

the third component: circulatory-2 points

Back 8

1.Pulmonary circulation

2.Systemic circulation

Front 9

What are the functions of the Respiratory tract?-3 points

Back 9

1. Conducting passages
2. Transitional zone
3. Sites of Gaseous exchange

Front 10

What are the functions of the Respiratory system?-6 points

Back 10

1.Conditioning of air (filteration, temperature adjustment and humidification).
2.Olfaction
3.Phonation (production of sound)
4.Gas exchange
5.Metabolism- air and blood-borne compounds
6.Defense-immune system

Front 11

General Features:Conducting Portion-2 points

Back 11

1.To provide channels through which air can travel to and from the lungs.
2.To condition the inspired air.

Front 12

inspired air is?-3points

Back 12

1.filtered,
2.moistened and
3.temperature adjusted

Front 13

General Features:Sites of Gaseous Exchange

Back 13

The basic structural feature of the functional epithelium is the extraordinary reduction of the tissue mass to extremely thin and extensive sheets so that the functional components, air and blood are its major constituents and are brought into very intimate and extensive contact

Front 14

Typical Respiratory Epithelium

Back 14

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with Goblet cells

Front 15

3 types of identifiable cells:LM

Back 15

Columnar ciliated
Goblet cells
Basal cells

Front 16

6 cell types seen in electron microscope

Back 16

Ciliated columnar cells
Mucous goblet cells
Brush Cells
The other Brush cells
Basal cells
Small granule cells

Front 17

Ciliated columnar cells

Back 17

1.Most abundant
2.around 300 cilia per cell
3. Mitochondria below apical surface

Front 18

Goblet cells

Back 18

1.Secretion of mucous
2.Complement of the mucous glands
3.Dissolve several substances (O3, SO2)
4. Proliferate with chronic exposure to irritants

Front 19

Brush cells

Back 19

have numerous microvilli on their apical surface. Brush cells have afferent nerve endings on their basal surfaces and are considered to be sensory receptors.

Front 20

Small granule cells

Back 20

possesses numerous granules 100–300 nm in diameter with dense cores. Histochemical studies reveal that these cells constitute a population of cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system

Front 21

what is the main function of the typical respiratory epithelium

Back 21

move the mucus layer by ciliary action

Front 22

ciliary action=

Back 22

mucociliary escalator

Front 23

what does the superficial mucus do?

Back 23

traps particulate matter and absorbs water soluble gases such as SO2 and ozone, floats on subjacent ‘sol’ phase (periciliary fluid)

Front 24

sol layer=

Back 24

periciliary fluid

Front 25

In bronchopulmonary/cardiac disease what is impaired?

Back 25

mucociliary escalator

Front 26

a disorder that causes infertility in men and chronic respiratory tract infections in both sexes, is caused by immobility of cilia and flagella induced, in some cases, by deficiency of dynein, a protein normally present in the cilia. DYNEIN participates in the ciliary movement.

Back 26

Kartagener's syndrome or immotile cilia syndrome

Front 27

changes in the charater of RE: psedostratified columnar ciliated -->

Back 27

simple columnar ciliated

Front 28

changes in the charater of RE: psedostratified columnar ciliated -->simple columnar ciliated-->

Back 28

simple cuboidal ciliated

Front 29

changes in the charater of RE: psedostratified columnar ciliated -->simple columnar ciliated-->simple cuboidal ciliated-->

Back 29

simple cuboidal nonciliated

Front 30

changes in the charater of RE: psedostratified columnar ciliated -->simple columnar ciliated-->simple cuboidal ciliated-->simple cuboidal nonciliated-->

Back 30

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

Front 31

what does the respiratory epithelium change to in regions exposed to direct air flow or physical abrasion(wear/tear)

Back 31

stratified squamous non-keratinizing type

Front 32

where would you find stratified squamous non-keratinizing type respiratory epithelium?

Back 32

pharynx, epiglottis, and vocal cords

Front 33

if air currents are changed, the affected area changes from?

Back 33

typical RE--> stratified squamous

Front 34

in what is the proportion of ciliated cells to goblet cells altered?

Back 34

smokers

Front 35

The upper respiratory tract has nasal cavities that are divided into?-2 points

Back 35

1.Vestibule
2.Nasal fossae

Front 36

URT:nasal cavities has nasal fossae which is further divided into?

Back 36

respiratory segment and olfactory segment

Front 37

URT:VESTIBULE-4 points

Back 37

1.Anterior & dilated portion of the nasal cavity
2.Outer skin stratified squamous keratinizing(normal skin) epithelium continues into the nares (nostrils).
3.Within nares epithelium changes into non-keratinizing stratified squamous.
4.Around nares (nostrils) are numerous sebaceous and sweat glands and thick short hairs called vibrissae (for filteration of the inspired air).

Front 38

URT:NASAL FOSSAE-4 points

Back 38

1.The epithelium changes to pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

2.Epithelium lies upon a basal lamina and is supported by connective tissue layer, lamina propria that contains tubuloalveolar glands which are mucous and serous.

3.Lamina propria contains small collections of lymphatic tissue.

4.Lamina propria lies on the periosteum or perichondrium thus forming mucoperiosteum or mucoperichondrium

Front 39

URT:Nasal Cavity

Back 39

Nasal cavity is divided by a septum.
Extending from the lateral walls are 3
bony shelf like projections known as
chonchae (shell) covered by
mucoperiosteum

1Superior- covered by olfactory & Resp. epithelium
2Middle- covered by Resp. epi
3Inferior- covered by Resp. epi

*Swell Bodies = superficial plexus of large thin walled vessels called cavernous or erectile tissue, common site of nose bleed.

Front 40

URT:NASAL CAVITY-3 bony shelf like projections known as conchae covered by mucoperiosteum-Superior

Back 40

covered by olfactory & Resp. epithelium

Front 41

URT:NASAL CAVITY-3 bony shelf like projections known as conchae covered by mucoperiosteum-Middle

Back 41

covered by Resp. epi

Front 42

URT:NASAL CAVITY-3 bony shelf like projections known as conchae covered by mucoperiosteum-Inferior

Back 42

covered by Resp. epi

Front 43

URT:NASAL CAVITY-Swell bodies

Back 43

superficial plexus of large thin walled vessels called cavernous or erectile tissue, common site of nose bleed.

Front 44

URT: NASAL CAVITY-NASAL Fossae: Olfactory epithelium

Back 44

Specialized area of nasal epithelium on dorsal surface of nasal passage

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with 3 cell types (goblet cells are not found here)

Olfactory receptor neurons with axons projecting to olfactory bulb
Supporting cells
Basal cells

Lamina propria contain serous glands (Bowman’s glands)
Swell bodies are not present

Front 45

URT: NASAL CAVITY-NASAL Fossae:Olfactory epithelium: Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with 3 cell types:

Back 45

1.Olfactory receptor neurons with axons projecting to olfactory bulb
2.Supporting cells
3.Basal cells

Front 46

URT: NASAL CAVITY-NASAL Fossae: Olfactory epithelium: Lamina propria contain

Back 46

serous glands( Bowman's glands)

Front 47

URT: NASAL CAVITY-NASAL Fossae: Olfactory epithelium: Swell Bodies?

Back 47

NOPE-NADA!

Front 48

Paranasal sinuses-5 points

Back 48

1.are cavities in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid bones that are connected with the nasal cavity.
2.are lined with a thinner ciliated respiratory epithelium with few goblet cells
3.The lamina propria is thin and contains few small glands and lies on periosteum of the bone.
4.Erectile or cavernous tissue is not present.
5.The mucus produced in these cavities drains into the nasal passages as a result of the activity of its ciliated epithelial cells.

Front 49

Paranasal sinuses are located in the?

Back 49

frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid bones that are connected with the nasal cavity

Front 50

Paranasal sinuses are lined with

Back 50

thinner ciliated respiratory epithelium with few goblet cells

Front 51

Paranasal sinuses-lamina propria

Back 51

thin and contains few small glands and lies on periosteum of the bone.

Front 52

Paranasal sinuses-erectile or cavernous tissue?

Back 52

NOPE!

Front 53

Paranasal sinuses-where does the mucus from these cavities drain?

Back 53

drains into the nasal passages as a result of the activity of its ciliated epithelial cells.

Front 54

Paranasal sinuses are often site of

Back 54

painful inflammation=sinusitis.

Front 55

Nasopharynx lined by?

Back 55

typical respiratory epithelium

Front 56

Nasopharynx -places with abrasions what epithelium?

Back 56

a nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium

Front 57

Nasopharynx-underlying CT contains

Back 57

mucous, serous and mixed glands

Front 58

Nasopharynx -lymphatic tissue

Back 58

is irregularly scattered throughout the connective tissue and also form tonsillar structures (pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids) on the posterior wall.

Front 59

Nasopharynx- Waldeyer's ring

Back 59

palatine and lingual tonsils at the junction of the oral cavity and pharyngeal tonsil in the nasopharynx collectively forms a protective ring that guards access to the lower reaches of respiratory and oral cavities.

Front 60

Nasopharynx-sore throat

Back 60

URT infection

Front 61

Larynx-2 main functions

Back 61

1. to produce sound
2. to close the trachea during swallowing to prevent food and saliva from entering the airway.

Front 62

Larynx-wall of larynx made of

Back 62

thyroid and cricoid hyaline cartilage and the elastic cartilage core of the epiglottis extending over the lumen

Front 63

Larynx-extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Back 63

attach the larynx to the hyoid bone to raise the larynx during swallowing

Front 64

Larynx-Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Back 64

(abductor, adductors, and tensors), link the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

Front 65

Larynx-when INTRINSIC muscles contract, the tension on the vocal cords changes to?

Back 65

modulate phonation

Front 66

Larynx-subdivided into 3 regions

Back 66

1.The supraglottis, which includes the epiglottis, false vocal cords (or folds), and laryngeal ventricles.

2.The glottis, consisting of the true vocal cords (or folds) and the anterior and posterior commissures.

3.The subglottis, the region below the true vocal cords, extending down to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage.

Front 67

Larynx- during forced inspiration, vocal cords are___________ and the space between the vocal cords _______ and changes into a __________ ________

Back 67

abducted ,widens, linear slit

Front 68

Larynx-The vibration of the free edges of the cords (a cover consisting of both the stratified squamous epithelial covering and the superficial layer of the lamina propria, known as Reinke's space) during passage of air between them produces

Back 68

sound

Front 69

Larynx-contraction of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, forming the body of the cords, ______________ tension on the vocal cords, changing the pitch of the produced sound

Back 69

increases

Front 70

Larynx-mucosa of larynx is continous with that of the ?

Back 70

pharynx and the trachea

Front 71

Larynx-stratified squamous epithelium covers the

Back 71

lingual surface and a small extension of the pharyngeal surface of the epiglottis and the true vocal cords

Front 72

Larynx-what type of epithelium is in other places

Back 72

is pseudostratified ciliated, with GOBLET CELLS

Front 73

Larynx-laryngeal SEROMUCOUS glands are found

Back 73

found throughout the lamina propria, except at the level of the true vocal cords

Front 74

Larynx-lamina propria-3 layers

Back 74

1. a superficial layer containing extracellular matrix and few elastic fibers. This layer is known as Reinke's space

2. an intermediate layer with an increased content of elastic fibers

3. a deep layer with abundant elastic and collagen fibers

Front 75

Larynx-what are responsible for vocal vibration?

Back 75

Reinke's space and the epithelial covering

Front 76

Larynx-Reinke's edema

Back 76

results when viral infection, trauma (laryngeal endoscopy), or severe coughing spells cause fluid to accumulate in the superficial layer of the lamina propria.

Front 77

Larynx-both the intermediate and deep layer of the lamina propria constitute the

Back 77

vocal ligament

Front 78

Larynx-lamina propria usually rich in

Back 78

MAST CELLS

Front 79

Larynx-MAST cells participate in hypersensitivity reactions leading to

Back 79

edema and laryngeal obstruction, a potential medical emergency

Front 80

Larynx-Croup

Back 80

designates a laryngotracheobronchitis in children, in which an inflammatory process narrows the airway and produces inspiratory stridor

Front 81

Epiglottis-4 points

Back 81

1.projects from the rim of the larynx, extends into the pharynx and has both a lingual and a laryngeal surface.

2.The entire lingual surface and the apical portion of the laryngeal surface are covered with stratified squamous epithelium.

3.Toward the base of the epiglottis on the laryngeal surface, the epithelium undergoes a transition into ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

4.Mixed mucous and serous glands are found beneath the epithelium. Core contains elastic cartilage.

Front 82

Trachea-continuation of the

Back 82

larynx

Front 83

Trachea

Back 83

thin walled tube 10 cm long

Front 84

Trachea-branches to form

Back 84

the right and left primary bronchi entering the hilum of each lung.

Front 85

Trachea-the hilum is the region where

Back 85

primary bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, nerves, and lymphatics enter and leave the lung.

Front 86

Trachea-secondary divisions of the bronchi and accompanying CT septa divide each

Back 86

lung into lobes

Front 87

Trachea-the walls-4 layers

Back 87

1.Mucosa
2.Submucosa
3.Cartilagenous layer
4.Adventitia

Front 88

Trachea-epithelium is

Back 88

typical respiratory lying on basal lamina

Front 89

Trachea-lamina propria

Back 89

contains elastic fibers

Front 90

Trachea-submucosa displays

Back 90

mucous/serous glands

Front 91

Trachea-framework of the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi consists

Back 91

a stack of C-shaped hyaline cartilages, each surrounded by a FIBROELASTIC LAYER blending with the perichondrium.

Front 92

Trachea-in trachea and primary bronchi, the open ends of the cartilage rings point

Back 92

posteriorly to the esophagus

Front 93

Trachea-lowest tracheal cartilage=

Back 93

carinal cartilage

Front 94

Trachea-transverse fibers of the trachealis muscles attach to the

Back 94

inner ends of the cartilage

Front 95

Bronchial tree-7points

Back 95

1.Trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi.
2. 3 intrapulmonary bronchi on right and 2 on the left
3. Bronchioles
4.Terminal bronchioles
5.Respiratory bronchioles
6.Alveolar ducts
7.Alveoli

Front 96

Pulmonary Lobule/Acinus-pulmonary lobule

Back 96

A terminal bronchiole and the associated region of pulmonary tissue that it supplies constitute a

Front 97

Pulmonary lobule includes

Back 97

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli

Front 98

Bronchi:size?

Back 98

>5 mm diameter

Front 99

Bronchi:Mucosa and submucosa like?

Back 99

trachea

Front 100

Bronchi:muscle,fibers and glands?

Back 100

smooth muscle, elastic fibers, serous/mucous glands

Front 101

Bronchi:what may be present in lamina propria (BALT)?

Back 101

lymphoid nodules

Front 102

Bronchi:is there hyaline cartilage?

Back 102

YES!

Front 103

Bronchi: intrapulmonary bronchi differ from?

Back 103

extrapulmonary bronchi

Front 104

Bronchi:Shape?

Back 104

Round in outline, no posterior flattening

Front 105

Bronchi: Cartilage Arrangement?

Back 105

Not C-shaped and are reduced to small plates as the diameter of the airway is reduced with branching

Front 106

Bronchi: what is spirally arranged?

Back 106

smooth muscle

Front 107

Bronchus-layers

Back 107

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis
Submucosa
Cartilage
Adventitia

Front 108

BALT=

Back 108

Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Front 109

Bronchioles: Size

Back 109

Intralobular airways with diameter of 1mm or less

Front 110

Bronchioles: Cartilage?

Back 110

Nope!

Front 111

Bronchioles: Glands?

Back 111

None in submucosa

Front 112

Bronchioles: Goblet cells?

Back 112

Only scattered in the epithelium of initial segment

Front 113

Bronchioles: epithelium in larger bronchioles?

Back 113

pseudostratified columnar ciliated-->simple columnar or simple cuboidal ciliated in terminal bronchiole

Front 114

Bronchioles: Bronchiolar epithelium contains?

Back 114

ciliated/non-ciliated cells in the terminal segments

Front 115

Bronchioles: What are non ciliated cells called and what is the shape?

Back 115

Clara cells and have dome shaped apical surface

Front 116

Bronchioles: Clara cells

Back 116

have basally located nucleus/RER

Front 117

Bronchioles: Clara cells-where are membrane bound granules seen?

Back 117

in the apical cytoplasm

Front 118

Bronchioles: Clara cells-secretory product contains a constituent of

Back 118

SURFACTANT (lipoprotein) that varies from that produced by pneumocyte type II. Surfactants coats the epithelial surface

Front 119

Bronchioles: Clara cells- secreted 16-kDa protein known as?

Back 119

Clara cell protein(CC16)
Secretoglobin 1A , SCGB1A1

Front 120

Bronchioles: Clara cells- involved in the transport of

Back 120

chloride ions across

Front 121

Bronchioles: Clara cells-have high concentration of

Back 121

Cytochrome P450 and their no. increase in response to exposure to pollutants (detoxification)

Front 122

Bronchioles-Lamina propria

Back 122

mainly composed of elastic fibers/smooth muscles

Front 123

Bronchioles: Bronchiolar smooth muscle layer is more prominent than that of?

Back 123

bronchi

Front 124

Bronchioles: Musculature is under control of which part of nervous system?

Back 124

vagus/sympathetic

Front 125

Bronchioles: stimulation of vagus _______ the diameter and symphathetic stimulation __________the diameter of the tube

Back 125

decreases, increases

Front 126

Bronchioles: What drugs are frequently used to relax smooth muscle during asthma attacks?

Back 126

Epinephrine and other sympathomimetic drugs

Front 127

Transitional Zone: Respiratory Bronchiole- Arise from?

Back 127

bifurcation of terminal bronchioles

Front 128

Transitional Zone: Respiratory Bronchiole-epithelium

Back 128

simple cuboidal ciliated --> low cuboidal non-ciliated in subsequent branches

Front 129

Transitional Zone: Respiratory Bronchiole-Walls?

Back 129

have thin saccular outpocketings, ALVEOLI (sites of some gas exchange)

Front 130

Transitional Zone: Respiratory Bronchiole-CT and muscle?

Back 130

Elastic CT/Smooth muscle lie beneath the epithelium

Front 131

Sites of Gaseous Exchange: Alveolar Ducts-Are continuous with alveolar ducts

Back 131

Respiratory bronchioles

Front 132

Sites of Gaseous Exchange: Alveolar Ducts-Alveoli?

Back 132

numerous/closely packed

Front 133

Sites of Gaseous Exchange: Alveolar Ducts-only identifiable in sections by?

Back 133

free edges of thin C.T. septa covered by bronchiolar cells overlying smooth muscle strands.

Front 134

Sites of Gaseous Exchange: Alveolar Ducts and alveoli are lined by?

Back 134

squamous epithelium

Front 135

Sites of Gaseous Exchange: Alveolar Ducts-what disappears at the distal end of AD? What then provides support to the ducts and alveoli?

Back 135

smooth muscles dissapears and elastic and collagen fibrils provide support

Front 136

Alveoli: What do alveolar ducts open into that are irregular spaces opening into alveolar sacs?

Back 136

atria

Front 137

Alveoli: Sac like evaginations about how much in diameter?

Back 137

200-300 micrometers

Front 138

Alveoli are what portion of the bronchial tree?

Back 138

terminal

Front 139

how many alveoli are in the human lung?

Back 139

approx. 300 million

Front 140

Alveoli are packed so tightly that each is separated by?

Back 140

interalveolar septum

Front 141

Alveoli: Epithelium

Back 141

each alveolus is lined by squamous epithelium that is greatly attenuated but is complete

Front 142

Alveoli: Interalveolar septum consists

Back 142

2 thin squamous epithelia between which lie capillaries, pericytes, elastic & collagen fibers and fibroblasts

Front 143

Barrier to Diffusion:Blood-Air barrier

Back 143

1. A layer of fluid & surfactant
2. The attenuated alveolar wall epithelium
3. Its basal lamina
4. A thin interstitial space
5. The basal lamina of the capillary endothelium
6. The capillary endothelium

Front 144

Interstitium:Framework:capillaries and epithelia are supported by-3 points

Back 144

1.Collagen fibers
2. Reticular fibers
3. Elastic fibers

Front 145

Interstitium: the cells present in the interstitial space are?

Back 145

1. fibroblasts
2. mast cells
3. contractile cells (septal).

Front 146

Other cells in the alveolar wall-4 types

Back 146

1. Capillary endothelial cells
2. Alveolar epithelial cell type I
3. Alveolar epithelial cell type II
4. Alveolar macrophage

Front 147

Capillary endothelial cells

Back 147

1.Extremely thin
2.Continuous type of capillary
3.Numerous pinocytotic vesicles
4.Joined by tight junctions

Front 148

Capillary endothelial cells: Non respiratory functions-3 points

Back 148

1. Breaks down serotinin
2. Transforms angiotensin I to angiotensin II
3. Inactivates bradykinin

Front 149

Pneumocyte type I-5points

Back 149

1.Also called alveolar epithelial cell type I
2.Extremely thin, cover 97% of the lung surface
3.Cell organelles are grouped around nucleus, pinocytotic vesicles are present.
4.Cells are joined by tight junctions & desmosomes
5.They are unable to undergo mitosis and are replaced by type II cells in case of injury.

Front 150

Pneumocyte type II-3 points

Back 150

1. Also called alveolar epithelial cell type II or surfactant producing cells.
2. Found interspread between type I cells
3. Cuboidal shaped, secretory cells containing lamellar bodies

Front 151

Pneumocyte type II-Disease

Back 151

Respiratory distress syndrome/ hyaline membrane disease

Front 152

Alveolar macrophages:Found in?

Back 152

1.Interstitium of the interalveolar septa
2.In the process of passing through the alveolar wall into the alveolar spaces
3.Free in the alveolar spaces lying under the surfactant

Front 153

Alveolar macrophages: shape?

Back 153

irregular in shape, show ruffles (lamellipodia) and are phagocytes scavenging alveolar surface

Front 154

Alveolar macrophages: derived from?

Back 154

monocytes

Front 155

Alveolar macrophages: contain large # of ?

Back 155

membrane bound inclusions

Front 156

Alveolar macrophage: what are macrophages call in heart failure?

Back 156

In congestive heart failure, the lungs become congested with blood, and erythrocytes pass into the alveoli, where they are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages. In such cases, these macrophages are called heart failure cells when present in the lung and sputum; they are identified by a positive histochemical reaction for iron pigment (hemosiderin)

Front 157

What is pleura?

Back 157

serous membrane covering the lung

Front 158

What are the 2 layers of the pleura? what are both membranes composed of that rest on fine CT layer containing collagen and elastic fibers?

Back 158

parietal and visceral, that are continuous in the region of the hilum, Composed of mesothelial cells.

Front 159

Disorders of the tracheobronchial tree

Back 159

The tracheobronchial mucosa is subjected to many forms of damaging agent, including inhaled chemical toxins, viruses and bacteria. Prolonged or repeated damage to the respiratory epithelial cells leads to their death and replacement by squamous epithelium (squamous metaplasia)

Front 160

Disorders of the tracheobronchial tree: chronic bronchitis

Back 160

Repeated damage to the mucosa leads to a state called ____________ ___________ in which the bronchial wall is thickened by increase in numbers and activity of seromucous glands, and thickening of the muscle layers.

Front 161

Disorders of the tracheobronchial tree: chronic bronchitis- associated with?

Back 161

ASTHMA (a combination of severe bronchoconstriction due to bronchial smooth muscle contraction and the production of particularly viscid mucus) and emphysema (in which alveolar walls are destroyed

Front 162

combo of squamous metaplasia, chronic bronchitis, and asthma lead to

Back 162

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)

Front 163

Emphysema

Back 163

a chronic lung disease characterized by enlargement of the air space distal to the bronchioles, with destruction of the interalveolar wall. The major cause of emphysema is cigarette smoking

Front 164

Industrial lung disease: silicosis

Back 164

lungs has many forms depending on the source and nature of the particulate silica which is inhaled

Front 165

Industrial lung disease: coal miners

Back 165

silica is a component of the fine coal dust that is inhaled during mining

Front 166

Industrial lung disease: silica

Back 166

Silica is slowly converted into silicic acid which stimulates the proliferation of fibroblasts and the production of excess collagen.

The alveolar walls thicken and become fibrotic, interfering with gas exchange, and eventually lung fibrosis becomes extensive

Front 167

Industrial lung disease: asbestosis

Back 167

A special form of silica which can be inhaled is asbestos, a silicate which exists in the form of long crystalline needles. When inhaled, these asbestos particles also stimulate lung fibrosis to produce

Front 168

Industrial lung disease: mesothelioma

Back 168

usually decades later) of a malignant form of cancer of the pleura

Front 169

Lung tumors

Back 169

There is conclusive evidence that squamous cell carcinoma, the principal lung tumor type, is related to the effects of cigarette smoking on the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial lining.

Chronic smoking induces the transformation of the respiratory epithelium into a stratified squamous epithelium, an initial step in its eventual differentiation into a tumor.