Respiratory System

Front 1

oxygen

Back 1

molecule essential for aerobic respiration

Front 2

carbon dioxide

Back 2

an end product in organisms that obtain energy from breaking down sugars, fats and amino acids with oxygen as part of their metabolism, in a process known as cellular respiration.

Front 3

conducting portion

Back 3

made up of: nasal cavities, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchii and bronchioles. serves to filter, warm and humidify air on its way to lungs

Front 4

respiratory portion

Back 4

consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs and alveoli. where gas exchange occurs

Front 5

nasal cavity

Back 5

a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.

Front 6

conchae

Back 6

a long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) that protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose.

Front 7

vestibule

Back 7

a space or cavity at the entrance to a canal, channel, tube, or vessel

Front 8

vibrissae

Back 8

Any of the hairs growing at the anterior nares.

Front 9

respiratory epithelium

Back 9

a type of epithelium found lining the respiratory tract, where it serves to moisten and protect the airways.

Front 10

olfactory epithelium

Back 10

a specialized epithelial tissue inside the nasal cavity that is involved in smell.

Front 11

olfactory cell

Back 11

a sensory cell specialized for the reception of sensory stimuli caused by odors

Front 12

olfactory vesicle

Back 12

a bulbous expansion at the distal end of an olfactory cell, from which the olfactory hairs project.

Front 13

olfactory cilia

Back 13

sites where molecular reception with the odorant occurs and sensory transduction (i.e., transmission) starts.

Front 14

sustentacular cell

Back 14

type of cell primarily associated with structural support.

Front 15

basal cell

Back 15

an early keratinocyte, present in the stratum basale of the epidermis.

Front 16

Bowman's gland

Back 16

situated in the olfactory mucosa, beneath the olfactory epithelium, in the lamina propria, a connective tissue also containing fibroblasts, blood vessels, and bundles of fine axons from the olfactory neurons

Front 17

nasopharynx

Back 17

uppermost part of the pharynx.

Front 18

epiglottis

Back 18

a flap that is made of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx.

Front 19

larynx

Back 19

an organ involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.

Front 20

trachea

Back 20

a tube that connects the pharynx or larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air. It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells with goblet cells that produce mucus.

Front 21

goblet cell

Back 21

glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves in water to form mucus. They use both apocrine and merocrine methods for secretion.

Front 22

ciliated columnar cell

Back 22

cells are rectangular in shape and have protrusions called cilia. The mitochondria are found toward the apical region of the cell while the cell nuceli are found towards the base and are often elongated. Cells are interconnected via desmosomses and tight junctions, creating a semipermeable membrane that is more selective that membrane found in other types of cell

Front 23

brush cell

Back 23

columnar cells that bear microvilli. The basal surface is in synaptic contact with the afferent nerve endings
Function: receptor cells of general sensation

Front 24

serous cell

Back 24

specialized glandular epithelial cell that produces enzymatic secretions. These cells have a rounded nucleus and special secretory granules, or vesicles, in their cytoplasm.

Front 25

diffuse neuroendocrine system cell

Back 25

secrete a variety of products, including cytokines, chemokines. These substances act via neurocrine, endocrine, and paracrine mechanisms and maintain homeostasis by allowing communication and reciprocal regulation between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems

Front 26

DNES cell

Back 26

diffuse neuroendocrine system cell

Front 27

bronchus

Back 27

a passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs.

Front 28

bronchi

Back 28

plural of bronchus

Front 29

Clara cell

Back 29

dome-shaped cells with short microvilli found in the small airways (bronchioles) of the lungs. found in the ciliated simple epithelium. These cells may secrete glycosaminoglycans to protect the bronchiole lining.

Front 30

terminal bronchiole

Back 30

a bronchiole at the end of the conducting zone. At the transition into the respiratory zone, alveoli become present.

Front 31

intrapulmonary bronchus

Back 31

have a lining of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and a lamina propria with abundant longitudinal networks of elastic fibers; there are spirally arranged bundles of smooth muscle, abundant mucoserous glands, and, in the outer part of the wall, irregular plates of hyaline cartilage.

Front 32

lobar bronchus

Back 32

arise from the primary bronchi, with each one serving as the airway to a specific lobe of the lung.

Front 33

bronchiole

Back 33

Any of the fine, thin-walled, tubular extensions of a bronchus.

Front 34

respiratory bronchiole

Back 34

narrowest airways of the lungs. interrupted by alveoli

Front 35

alveolar duct

Back 35

The part of the respiratory passages beyond the respiratory bronchioles, from which the alveolar sacs and alveoli arise.

Front 36

alveolar sac

Back 36

the spaces into which the alveolar ducts open distally, and with which the alveoli communicate

Front 37

alveolus

Back 37

an anatomical structure that has the form of a hollow cavity. Found in the lung parenchyma. dead ends of the respiratory tree, which outcrop from either alveolar sacs or alveolar ducts, which are both sites of gas exchange with the blood as well

Front 38

alveoli

Back 38

plural of alveolus

Front 39

alveolar pore

Back 39

openings between adjacent pulmonary alveoli that permit passage of air from one to another.

Front 40

type I pneumocyte

Back 40

responsible for gas exchange in the alveoli and cover a majority of the alveolar surface area (>95%). account for most of the surface area, and are approximately half as numerous as type II cells, due to differences in size

Front 41

type II pneumocyte

Back 41

large round cells. granular and roughly cuboidal in shape. typically found at the alveolar-septal junction.

Front 42

surfactant

Back 42

surface-active lipoprotein complex (phospholipoprotein) formed by type II alveolar cells.

Front 43

alveolar macrophages

Back 43

one of the rounded granular, mononuclear phagocytes within the alveoli of the lungs that ingest inhaled particulate matter.

Front 44

dust cells

Back 44

monocyte derivatives in the lungs that reside on respiratory surfaces and clean off particles such as dust or microorganisms.

Front 45

blood-gas barrier

Back 45

exists in gas exchanging region of the lungs. prevents air bubbles from forming in the blood, and from blood entering the alveoli. formed by the type 1 pneumocytes of the alveolar wall, the endothelial cells of the capillaries and the basement membrane between the two cells. permeable to molecular oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide. etc.