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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Take in new air, extract oxygen from it, and expel carbon dioxide and other waste gases back into the atmosphere.
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Respiration
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What other system does the respiratory system work in conjunction with?
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Circulatory System
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Anatomical structures of the Respiratory System:
(List 10) |
1) Alveoli
2) Bronchii 3) Bronchioles 4) Larynx 5) Lungs 6) Nasal Cavity 7) Nose 8) Pharynx 9) Respiratory Diaphragm 10) Trachea |
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Functions of the Respiratory system:
(List 4) |
1) Exchange of gases
2) Olfaction 3) Speech 4) Homeostasis |
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Primary function is to trade out CO2 and O2.
The constant intake of )2 is essential for maintaining life. |
Exchange of gases
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Without O2 intake and elimination of CO2, what occurs?
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The body's cells start to perish within 5 minutes.
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Gas exchange occurs in what two locations in the body?
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Lungs & the Systemic Capillaries
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Refers to the sense of smell, scent molecules enter the nose and are forced against the nasal cavities' mucosal lining.
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Olfaction
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Embedded in the nasal mucosa are stimulated and send nerve impulses of scent to the brain.
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Chemoreceptors
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Produced by air moving over the vocal cords, combines with movements of facial muscles and tongue.
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Speech
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Helps maintain oxygen levels in blood, elimination of wastes and regulate blood pH.
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Homeostasis
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Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract:
(List 4) |
1) Nose
2) Nasal Cavity 3) Pharynx 4) Larynx |
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Port of entry for air, made up of hyaline and elastic cartilage.
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Nose
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Central region of the nose: (BONES)
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Paired nasal bones and process of maxilla bone.
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Bridge of the nose: (BONES)
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Nasal bones and the frontal bone.
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The two external openings of the nose.
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Nostrils
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Another name for NOSTRILS:
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ANTERIOR NARES
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Chambers from the nostrils to the pharynx.
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Nasal Cavity
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The nasal cavities are called this for warming and moistening the air.
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"Air-Conditioning" chambers
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Formed by the vomer and the ethmoid bones and hyaline cartilage that divides into right and left sides.
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Nasal Septum
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The nasal cavity is divided into?
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Three passageways formed by lateral walls.
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Lateral walls of the nasal cavity passageways.
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Nasal Conchae
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Three nasal conchae:
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1) Superior
2) Middle 3) Inferior |
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Passageways created by the conchae.
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Meatuses
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Three nasal meatuses:
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1) Superior Meatus
2) Middle Meatus 3) Inferior Meatus |
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Terminates just above two funnel-shaped orifices called the posterior nares.
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Inferior Meatus
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Two funnel-shaped orifices below the inferior meatuts.
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Posterior Nares
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Hairlike projections on the outer surfaces of certain cells of the mucosal lining that trap air particles and move them up and down the throat.
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Cilia
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Produce mucus that moistens air and traps incoming foreign particles.
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Goblet Cells
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Are common due to the rich blood supply in the nasal mucosa.
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Nose Bleeds
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Another name for NOSE BLEEDS:
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Epistaxis
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Air-conditioning spaces in the skull and facial bones that lighten the head and act as resonance chambers for sound.
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Sinuses
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Sinus cavities are named for the bones by which they are located:
(List 4) |
1) Frontal Sinus
2) Sphenoidal Sinus 3) Ethmoidal Sinus 4) Maxillary Sinus |
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Muscular tube approximately 5 inches long that is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems that leads from the nasal cavity to the larynx and contains the tonsils.
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Pharynx
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Three sections of the pharynx:
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1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx 3) Laryngopharynx |
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Behind the nasal cavity.
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Nasopharynx
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Tube connected to the middle ear that opens into the Nasopharynx.
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Eustachian
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What can happen due to the close proximity of the eustation tube and the Nasopharynx?
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Respiratory infections can easily create middle ear infections and vice versa.
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Back of the oral cavity.
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Oropharynx
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Down to and behind the larynx.
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Laryngopharynx
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Contains the tonsils, adenoids, palatine and lingual which help our immune system by protecting against inhaled or ingested pathogens.
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Laryngopharynx
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Voice box, a triangle-shaped structure formed by three single and three paired cartilages.
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Larynx
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What happens as the relative size of the thorax changes?
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Pressure differences are created and air moves in and out of the lungs, air moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure until the pressures are equalized.
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Single cartilages of the larynx:
(List 3) |
1) Epiglottis
2) Cricoid 3) Thyroid |
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Another name for the Thyroid cartilage:
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Adam's Apple
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Enlargement of this cartilage occurs primarily in men because of the presence of testosterone.
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Thyroid (Adam's Apple)
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Paired cartilages of the larynx :
(List 3) |
1) Arytenoid
2) Corniculate 3) Cuneiform |
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Function of the paired cartilages of the larynx:
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Attach to and support the vocal cords or folds.
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Bands of elastic ligaments that are attached to the rigid cartilage of the larynx by skeletal muscle.
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Vocal Chords
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Two pairs of vocal chords:
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1) Superior or "False" vocal cords
2) Inferior or "True" vocal cords |
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Used for normal voice production.
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True vocal cords.
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Used in ventriloquism or singers who have two ranges.
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False vocal cords
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How do the vocal cords work?
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At the space between the cords, air passes over them, causing vibration and producing sound.
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The tighter the skeletal muscles pull the cords...
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...the higher the pitch of the voice.
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Closes the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the lower respiratory passageways.
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Epiglottis
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Another name for SWALLOWING:
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Deglutition
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Five parts of the Lower Respiratory tract:
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1) Trachea
2) Bronchi 3) Alveoli 4) Lungs 5) Respiratory Diaphragm |
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The tube from the larynx to the upper chest.
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Trachea
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Another name for TRACHEA:
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Windpipe
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Where is the trachea located?
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Anterior to the esophagus
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How long is the trachea?
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≈ 9-10" long
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What does the trachea consist of?
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16 to 21 half-ring hyaline cartilages
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Two functions of the tracheal rings:
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1) The incomplete sections of the rings allow the esophagus to expand into the trachea when a food bolus is swallowed.
2) The rings also keep the tracheal wall from collapsing during pressure changes that occur during breathing. |
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What happens structurally at the base of the trachea?
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It bifurcates at its base into two primary bronchi
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Air-conduction passages from the trachea to each lung.
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Brochi
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What do the bronchi consist of?
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Each tube-like structure is reinforced with hyaline cartilage that helps keep the airway open.
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What are the differences between the right and left bronchi and what do these differences cause?
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The right primary bronchus is slightly wider and has a slightly steeper downward angle than the left bronchus.
Foreign bodies get lodged more often on the right. |
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After the trachea, they enter the lungs on their respective sides, and branch out and become smaller.
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Primary bronchi
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Smaller division of the primary bronchi.
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Secondary bronchi
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Smaller division of the secondary bronchi.
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Bronchioles
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What happens to the bronchi airways as they branch out?
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They become smaller with less cartilage and more smooth muscle.
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Bronchioles terminate here, leading to the alveoli.
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Alveolar ducts
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Tiny air sacs attached to alveolar ducts made of a single-layer epithelial tissue that makes gas exchange possible.
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Alveoli
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Groups of alveoli which resemble a cluster of grapes.
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Alveolar sacs
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How many alveoli do the lungs contain, and how much surface area would they cover?
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300 million alveoli providing an immense surface area of ≈ 1000 square feet
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Each alveolus is coated with fluid containing these phospholipids that assist in the exchange of gas by reducing surface tension, which contributes to lung elasticity.
They are also important because they stabilize the alveoli. |
Surfactants
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Spongy, highly elastic paired organs of respiration, mostly air space with elastic connective tissue and are the last organs to develop in utero.
MAIN ORGANS OF RESPIRATION |
Lungs
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Location of the lungs:
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They extend from the diaphragm to just above the clavicles and lie against the interior portion of the ribcage.
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Difference between the right and left lungs:
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The right lung has three lobes and the left lungs has two lobes.
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Why does the left lung only have two lobes?
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It only has two lobes because the heart is more localized on the left side than the right portion of the chest cavity.
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The depression in the left lung to accommodate the heart.
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Cardiac Notch
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Encases the lungs and secretes a thin serous fluid that prevents friction, allowing the lungs to move easily in the double-walled pleural cavity during respiration.
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Pleural Membrane
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Dome-shaped main muscle of respiration that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Respiratory Diaphragm
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What is the respiratory diaphragm made up of?
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It consists of both contractile muscular fibers and resistant, tendonous connective tissues.
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Origin location of the respiratory diaphragm:
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It attaches around the circumference of the lower six ribs, connecting the spine, ribs and xyphoid process.
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What is the insertion of the respiratory diaphragm?
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It inserts at its central tendon.
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What happens during the contraction of the respiratory diaphragm?
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The diaphragm is pulled down, creating a vacuum in the chest cavity, which sucks air down into the lungs.
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What happens when the respiratory diaphragm relaxes?
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It causes the diaphragm to rise, allowing the lungs to deflate and push out air as a result.
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Pathway structures of air conduction:
(List 9 structures in order from cranial to caudal) |
1) Nose
2) Nasal cavity 3) Pharynx 4) Larynx 5) Trachea 6) Bronchi 7) Bronchioles 8) Alveoli 9) Lungs |
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Three processes required to get oxygen from the atmosphere to the body's cells:
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1) Breathing
2) External Respiration 3) Internal Respiration |
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Mechanics of the two-phase process of inspiration and expiration that occur as a result of pressure differences or a pressure gradient between air in the lungs and air outside the lungs.
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Breathing
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Another name for BREATHING:
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Pulmonary Ventilation
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Two phases of pulmonary ventilation:
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1) Inspiration
2) Expiration |
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Drawing air into the lungs.
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Inspiration
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Another name for INSPIRATION:
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Inhalation
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Two types of inspiration and exhalation:
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1) Normal
2) Forced |
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What happens internally during normal inspiration?
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The diaphragm contracts and descends into the abdominal cavity as the external intercostal muscles contract to raise the ribs and chest, which increases the size and length of the thoracic cavity and creates a decrease in pressure.
Pressure in the lungs is lower than in the atmosphere, so air moves into the lungs. |
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What happens internally during forced inhalation?
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During exercise inspiration is intensified requiring additional muscular contraction by the SCM, scalenes and pectoralis minors.
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What muscles are considered the ACCESSORY MUSCLES of respiration?
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1) Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
2) Scalenes 3) Pectoralis Minors |
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What is the ability of the thorax and lungs to stretch during inspiration called?
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Compliance
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What is the tendency of the thorax and lungs to return to their pre-inspiration size called?
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Elastic Recoil
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Process of expelling air from the lungs:
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Expiration
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Another name for EXPIRATION:
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Exhalation
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What happens during normal exhalation?
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The diaphragm relaxes and ascends back up towards the thoracic cavity, which decreases the size of the cavity, creating an increase in air pressure in the lungs which is greater than the atmospheric pressure outside the body, and so the air moves out of the lungs.
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Adult and Pediatric respiration rates:
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Adults ≈ 15 to 20 times a minute.
Children are almost twice as fast as adults. |
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Refers to labored or difficult breathing:
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Dyspnea
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Refers to the temporary cessation of breathing:
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Apnea
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Refers to inadequate oxygen at the cellular level:
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Hypoxia
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This condition is characterized by CYANOSIS, TACHYCARDIA, HYPERTENSION, PERIPHERAL VASOCONSTRICTION, DIZZINESS AND MENTAL CONFUSION.
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Hypoxia
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A condiion characterized by a lack of oxygen either locally or systemically:
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Anoxia
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May be the result of an inadequate supply of oxygen to the respiratory system, inability of the blood to carry oxygen to the tissues, or an inability of the tissues to be able to absorb the oxygen from the blood.
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Anoxia
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Controls the basic rhythm of breathing and is influenced by the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
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Respiratory Center of the Medula Oblongata
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Nerve impulses travel down this nerve to the diaphragm and to the muscles of respiration.
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Phrenic Nerve
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Besides the amount of CO2 in the blood, the medula oblongata is influenced by three (3) other factors:
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1) Volitional breathing
2) Temperature 3) Emotions |
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Allows you to hold your breath while swimming under water and to take deep breaths to project your voice during public speaking.
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Volitional breathing
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Rapid breathing
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Hyperventilation
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What happens if you hold your breath for too long?
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You become unconscious.
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What limits how long you can hold your breath?
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The CO2 buildup in the blood.
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An increase in body temperature causes?
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Increased respiration
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A decrease in body temperature causes?
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Decreased respiration
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Total amount of air that can be forcibly inspired and expired from lungs in one breath.
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Vital Capacity
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Gas exchange in the lungs, between the alveoli and capillaries where CO2 moves out of the blood and oxygen moves into the blood.
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External Respiration
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Another name for EXTERNAL RESPIRATION:
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Pulmonary Respiration
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Gas exchange between capillaries and the body's tissues, where oxygen moves into the tissues as CO2 is removed into the blood.
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Internal Respiration
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Another name for INTERNAL RESPIRATION:
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Tissue Respiration
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Modified respiratory air movements:
(List 7) |
1) Coughing
2) Crying 3) Hiccups 4) Laughing 5) Sneezing 6) Snoring 7) Yawn |
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Sudden expulsion of air to clear lungs and lower respiratory passages, protective reflex but can be voluntary or inhibited.
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COUGHING
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Response to emotions such as grief, pain, fear or joy, sudden inspiration followed by release of air in short breaths.
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CRYING
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Intermittent contractions of the diaphragm followed by spasmodic closure of the vocal cords.
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HICCUPS
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Response to emotions such as happiness, being tickled or something strikes us as funny, sudden inspiration followed by release of air in short breaths, normally with mouth open and grin on face.
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LAUGHING
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Forceful involuntary expulsion of air through the nose and moth to clear upper respiratory passages, usually caused by irritating foreign particles.
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SNEEZING
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Audible breathing during sleep from vibration of uvula and soft palate, common in people who sleep with their mouths open.
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SNORING
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A very deep breath initiated by opening the mouth wide.
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YAWN
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Effects of massage on the Respiratory System:
(List 7) |
1) Reduces respiration rate
2) Strengthens respiratory muscles 3) Decreases sensation of dyspnea 4) Decreases asthma attacks 5) Reduces laryngeal tension 6) Increases fluid discharge from lungs 7) Improves pulmonary function |
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Effects of cigarette smoking on the respiratory system:
(List 4) |
1) Destroys alveoli and therefore decreases gas exchange
2) Destroys respiratory cilia 3) Increases mucus production 4) Inhibits the macrophages which increases the likelihood of respiratory infections |
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• Chronic inflammatory disorder
• Smooth muscles of smaller bronchi and bronchioles spasm to close • Causes labored breathing • May be brought on by exercise, stress, infections or allergens |
Asthma
INDICATED (Make sure client has inhaler handy) |
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• Inflammation of bronchial mucosa
• Bronchial tubes swell and extra mucus is produced • Acute version is caused by upper respiratory tract infections • Chronic version creates copious amounts of mucus and productive cough for up to 3 months |
Bronchitis
CONTRAINDICATED W/ FEVER OR INFECTION |
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• Eventually destroys alveoli and reduces gas exchange
• Also destroys respiratory cilia then the body produces excess mucus and the individual tends to be sick more often because excess mucus breeds bacteria • Teens may never develop completely mature lungs |
Smoking
INDICATED |
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• Group of disorders (asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, pneumoconiosis an chronicbronchitis)
• Characterized by persistent or recurring obstruction of airflow • Individual is unable to breathe freely • Pathological Conditions of the Respiratory System |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
INDICATED |
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• Acute Inflammation of mucosa of upper respiratory tract
• Usually confined to the nose and throat • Symptoms include: coughing, sneezing, watery eyes,nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat and hoarseness • May be accompanied by fever and chills |
Common Cold
CONTRAINDICATED 2-3 DAYS AFTER COLD STARTS |
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• Involves over-inflation or destruction of alveoli
• Large air spaces remain filled during expiration • Usually leads to labored breathing • Caused by smoking or other air pollution |
Emphysema
INDICATED |
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• Any allergic reaction of the nasal mucosa
• Symptoms: sneezing, swelling, mucous discharge, itching and watering eyes |
Hay Fever
CONTRAINDICATED DURING ACUTE ATTACK |
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• Acute viral infection of respiratory tract
• 3-day incubation period - lasts 3-10 days • Symptoms: inflamed nasal mucosa & pharynx, fever, chills, head and muscle aches • Pathological conditions of the Respiratory System |
Influenza
CONTRAINDICATED |
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• Inflammation of the larynx
• Often results in loss of voice • Caused by infections or irritants |
Laryngitis
CONTRAINDICATED IF CAUSED BY A CONTRAINDICATED DISEASE OR INFECTION |
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• Inflammation of the pleural membrane
• Stabbing pain during breathing |
Pleurisy
PHYSICIAN'S CLEARANCE |
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• Infection or inflammation of alveoli caused by bacteria
• Alveoli fill with fluid, dead white cells, pus |
Pneumonia
CONTRAINDICATED |
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• Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
• Swelling of nasal mucosa amy obstruct openings for sinuses to nose • Causes local tenderness, pain, headaches and fever |
Sinusitis
CONTRAINDICATED W/ FEVER |
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• Chronic lung infection
• Caused by Myobacterium tuberculosis bacteria • Lungs are primary target but it can also affect liver, bone marrow and the spleen |
Tuberculosis
PHYSICIAN'S CLEARANCE OR CONTRAINDICATED WHILE IN INFECTIOUS STATE |
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• Temporary cessation of breathing while sleeping
• Should position client for comfort |
Apnea
INDICATED |
