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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define PH
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pH is a mathematical expression:
pH = -log10 [H+] |
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log 10 is a question asking:
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what is the power to which 10 is raised to give the number following the log10 expression?
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[H+] is:
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the hydrogen ion concentration in moles/Liter
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log10 10(3) is a question. What is it asking:
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What is the power to which 10 is being raised?
Examples: log10 |
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log10 1000 =
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3 because 1000 = 103
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log10 100 =
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2 because 100 = 102
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log10 10 =
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1 because 10 = 101
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log10 0.001 =
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-3 because 0.001 = 10-3
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log10 0.1 =
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-1 because 0.1 = 10-1
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log10 1 =
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0 because 1 = 100
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Try these:
log10 10,000 = log10 100,000 = log10 0.0001 = log10 0.000001 = |
1. 4
2. 5 3. -4 4. -6 |
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For our purposes, we will stick to whole number powers of 10 so that we do not need a calculator with a log function. For example, log10 123 = 2.0899. Explain
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Because 123 is between 100 and 1000 we know its log10 must between 2 (which is the log10 of 100) and 3 (which is the log10 of 1000).
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If a solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of 10-4 moles/L, what is its pH?
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[H+] = 10-4 moles/L
pH = -log10 [H+] pH = -log10 [10-4] pH = -(-4) pH = 4 |
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A solution with:
[H+] = 10-2 moles/L will have a pH of |
2
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A solution with:
[H+] = 10-5 moles/L will have a pH of |
5
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A solution with:
[H+] = 10-9 moles/L will have a pH of |
9
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[H+] ↑ =
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pH ↓
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The concept of pH comes from:
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the ionization of water into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions
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Ionization is
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is the process of giving up or accepting negatively charged electrons.
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Ionization of water:
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H2O ↔ H+ + OH
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Kw is defined as:
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the ion product constant (or ion product for water).
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The ion product is expressed:
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Kw = [H+][OH-]/H20
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Although the relative concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions may vary greatly, their product always
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remains constant.
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The value of Kw has been determined to be 1 X 10-14 at 25C. The concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions are equal since ionization of one molecule of water would produce one of each ion.
Therefore, for distilled water at 25C: |
[H+] = [OH-] and
[H+] x [OH-] = 1 X 10-14 10-7 x 10-7 = 10-14 [H+] = 1 X 10-7 moles/L [OH-] = 1 X 10-7 moles/L |
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The pH of Blood is
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7.4
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A one unit change in pH represents a:
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a 10-fold change in [H+].
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The pH scale goes from 0 to 14 because
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[H+] does not exceed 1 X 100 or 1 mole/L nor goes below 1 X 10-14 moles/L in an aqueous solution.
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pH 7 is neutral because
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[H+] = [OH-].
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An acid is
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a substance that produces H+ in solution.
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A base is
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a substance that accepts H+, but it is not necessarily an OH-.
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Almost all bases are
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negatively charged (Cl-, HCO3-, etc).
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Some proteins with negatively
charged areas can act as |
bases
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hemoglobin is a coiled protein with negative areas. These areas can attract:
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H+ and act as bases.
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If pH is below 7
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the solution is acidic because [H+] > [OH-] or [total of all base contributors]
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If pH is above 7
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the solution is basic or alkaline because [H+] < [OH-] or [total of all base contributors].
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A buffer is
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a solution that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added to it. It can do this in two ways: 1) it can give up H+ or 2) accept H+.
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Define Maximum buffering capacity
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you can exceed a solution’s ability to resist changes in pH. There is a total quantity of an acid or a base that a given buffer can “neutralize” either by donating or accepting H+.
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Name Important Buffering Systems:
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Blood: 1) hemoglobin, 2) plasma proteins, and 3) carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion
Urine: 1) phosphate buffers, 2) NaH2PO4 |
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Enzymes
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increase the amount of product produced per time.
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Most enzymes are
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proteins (amino acids in a chain).
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Proteins depend on
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structure to work properly.
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Two important factors can change protein structure:
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pH and temperature.
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In the stomach, enzymes work best at a pH of
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2.5
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In the small intestines, enzymes work best at a pH of
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7.1
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IN order for the lungs to inflate and deflate the volume of the thoracic cavity must
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Increase and decrease
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Inflation and deflation of the lungs is accomplished using which muscles
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intercostal muscles, the diaphragm and often the abdominal muscles
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At rest the contraction of the External Intercostal muscles accounts for about
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66% of the increase in the size of the thoracic cavity
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What percentage of contraction is accounted for by diaphragm contraction?
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33%
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Why is it important that the pH of body fluid be maintained within narrow limits.
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Assuming that the enzymes are operating at the optimum pH, increases or decreases in pH will reduce the enzyme activity. If this is a cellular enzyme, then cellular metabolism will be adversely affected.
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Function of buffering systems:
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To resist changes in pH
Give up (produce) hydrogen ions and also bind hydrogen ions. |
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Buffer systems may also consist of a single molecule (e.g. protein) that can produce
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ions or accept hydrogen ions.
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Buffer systems in living organisms or their environment are
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aqueous solutions of the buffer
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Buffer systems in the body exist what type of medium:
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blood, interstitial fluid and urine, etc.
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Buffer systems consist of a weak acid and the completely ionized salt of its conjugate base. The weak acid can
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Produce ions and the conjugate base can bind with hydrogen ions.
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Name buffer systems of plasma
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bicaronate - most important
plasma proteins phosphates |
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Name buffer systems of RBC
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hemoglobin
phosphates bicarbonate |
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1. trachea
2. tracheal cartilages 3. right lung 4. left lung 5. pleural cavity 6. diaphragm 7. heart 8. mediastinum 9. liver, left lateral lobe 10. liver, right/left medial lobes 11. gall bladder 12. right phrenic nerve |
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1. Thyrohyoid Membrane
2. Thyroid Cartilage 3. Cricoid Cartilage 4. Esophagus (behind trachea) 5. Trachea 6. Larynx 7. Tracheal Rings |
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What is a spirometer?
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an instrument used to measure lung volumes and capacity
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what is a spirogram?
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a graph used to measure the spirometer's inspiratory and expiratory volumes
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define TV?
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Tidal Volume - the volume of air moved into and out of the lung during normal breathing (about 500 ml)
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define IRV
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume - the volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal breathing (about 3100 ml)
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define ERV
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Expiratory Reserve Volume - the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal breathing (about 1200 ml)
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define RV
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Residual Volume - the volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation (about 1200 ml)
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how many times per minute do normal individuals breath?
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12 times per minute
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define inspiratory capacity
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TV + IRV = about 3600 ml
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define functional residual capacity
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ERV + RV = about 2400 ml
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define vital capacity
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TV + IRV + ERV = about 4800 ml
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define total lung capacity
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TV + IRV + ERV + RV = approximately 6000 ml
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What does a spirogram monitor?
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air flow within the respiratory system
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How is normal inspiration initiated?
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when impulses from the inspiratory region stimulate inspiratory muscles, the diaphragm and the external intercostal to contract. contraction of the muscles moves air into the lungs
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what happens during the normal tidal cycle which leads to exhalation?
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for the next 3 seconds inspiratory muscles are not stimulated so passive elastic recoil produces exhalation and causes air to move out of the lungs
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what stimulates the inspiratory muscles
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after 3 seconds of relaxation the inspiratory area stimulates the inspiratory muscles, diaphragm and external intercostals.
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What does the inspiratory area control?
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Normal ventilation while expiration is passive.
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what happens during forced breathing?
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the inspiratory area stimulates accessory inspiratory muscles and inspiration is more forceful.
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what happens during normal breathing?
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nerve impulses are automatically generated from the inspiratory area in the medulla
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the lung volume or capacity that is equal to TV + IRV + ERV + RV
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total lung capacity
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the lung volume or capacity that is equal to IC - IRV =
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tidal volume
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the lung volume or capacity that is equal to FRC - ERV =
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residual volume
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the volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration
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functional residual capacity
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lung volumes are measured
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to examine if pulmonary functions are improving
for diagnosis of respiratory disease to observe if pulmonary functions are deteriorating |
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the lung volume or capacity that is equal to IC - TV =
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inspiratory reserve volume
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If you breathe in as deeply as you can then exhale as deeply as possible which lung capacity have you demonstrated?
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vital capacity
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the lung volume or capacity that is equal to TV + IRV =
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inspiratory capacity
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what would be considered a dependent variable during a lung capacity experiment?
sex age and height level of physical activity respiratory volume |
respiratory volume
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what would be considered an independent variable during a lung capacity experiment?
sex age and height level of physical activity respiratory volume |
level of physical activity
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what would be considered a controlled variables during a lung capacity experiment?
sex age height respiratory volume |
sex, age and height
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