Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Which structures are part of the conducting zone? What do they do collectively?
|
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole terminals. Their function is to moisten and warm the air and conduct it to the lungs.
|
|
|
Which part of the nose is attached to the frontal bone?
|
The root of the nose attaches to the frontal bone.
|
|
|
What is the cricoid cartliage
|
A ring of hyaline cartliage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx attached to the first ring of cartliage in the trachea by the cricotracheal ligament
|
|
|
What is the thyroid cartliage and where is it located?
|
The Adams apple is two fused plates of hyaline cartliage that form the interior wall of the larynx
|
|
|
Describe the wall of the larynx
|
9 pieces of cartliage, three occuring singly and three occur in pairs.
|
|
|
List the components of the bronchial tree
|
Trachea, Primary Bronchi,
Secondary Bronchi, Tertiary Bronchi, Bronchioles, Terminal Bronchioles |
|
|
What type of membrane is the pleural membrane and where is it found?
|
The pleural membrane is a double layered serous mebrane surrounding the lungs.
|
|
|
What is a bronchopulmonary segment?
|
The segment of the lung tissue that houses the 10 terminal bronchioles
|
|
|
What type of cells make up the wall of an alveolus?
|
The alveoulus wall is comprised of type 1 alveolar cells type 2 alveolar cells and associated alveolar macrophages
|
|
|
What are the main cells involved in gas exchange?
|
Thin alveolar type I cells
|
|
|
Describe the histology and function of type II alveolar cells
|
Rounded or cuboidal epithelial cells with free surfaces containing microvilli which secrete alveolar fluid including surfactant, keeping the surface b/w air and cells moist.
|
|
|
What is the composition of surfactant?
|
A complex mix of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers surface tension stopping alveoli from collapsing
|
|
|
How does exchange of O2 and CO2 take place?
|
O2 and CO2 diffuse across the respiratory membrane.
|
|
|
What are the layers of the respiratory membrane? How thick is it?
|
1. Layer of type I & II cells & associated macrophages & fibroblasts = alveolar wall 2. Epithelial basement layer. 3. Capillary basement membrane 4. capillary endothelium .05um
|
|
|
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?
|
Vasoconstriction caused by hypoxia diverts pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated regions of the lungs.
|
|
|
What arteries serve the lungs?
|
Pulmonary arteries deliver deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to pick up O2 and pulmonary veins drain the blood. Bronchial arteries branch from the aorta bringing oxygenated blood to nourish the lungs
|
|
|
What is Internal respiration?
|
The exchange of gases b/w blood and systematic capillaries and tissue cells
|
|
|
What is external respiration?
|
Also known as pulmonary respiration it is the exchange of gases b/w alveoli in the lungs and blood of the pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane. O2 is gained by blood and CO2 is exchanged by alveoli
|
|
|
What are the PP of O2 in the lungs and in the air?
|
The alvelor air O2 PP is 105mm Hg and O2 PP in the atmosphere is 159mm Hg
|
|
|
What are the accessory muscles of inhalation and when are they used?
|
Sternocleidomastoid muscle is used to elevate the sternum and the scalene muscels elevate the first two ribs and the pectoralis minor muscles elevate the 3rd to 5th ribs in forceful inhalation
|
|
|
What is Boyles law and how does it apply to pulmonary respiration?
|
The pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversley proportionate to the volume of the container. For inhalation to occur the lung volume must increase thus pressure decreases to below atmospheric pressure.
|
|
|
What muscels are used in quiet inhalation?
|
The diaphram and the external intercostals.
|
|
|
How does interpleural pressure change during quiet inhalation?
|
Intrapleural pressure starts at 756mm Hg. Contraction of the diaphram decrease this to 754mm Hg as the volume of the space b/w the pleural layers expands. Relaxation of the diaphram causes pressure to increase to 756mm Hg again and exhalation occurs
|
|
|
What is a demonstration of vital capacity?
|
Breathing in as deeply as you can and exhaling as much as possible.
|
|
|
Why is exhalation a passive process?
|
The lungs have elastic recoil and surface tension has an inward pull requiring no energy.
|
|
|
What are the muscels of forced exhalation?
|
Abdominals and internal intercostals
|
|
|
What three factors apart from respiration affect pulmonary ventilation?
|
Lung compliance - the ease from which you breath
Surface tension created by alveolar fluid & airway resistance - increased during exhalation |
|
|
What two principal factors does compliance depend on?
|
Surface tension and elasticity
|
|
|
What pulmonary conditions are associated with compliance of the lungs?
|
scarred lung tissue - turburculosis
saturated lung tissue - pulmonary edema defective alveolar cells reducing surfactant impeded lung expansion- paralysis of intercostals or diaphram |
|
|
Eupnea, normal quiet inhalation can consist of shallow, deep or a mixture of these types of breathing. What is the terminology for these types of breathing?
|
Shallow breathing is called costal breathing and deep abdominal breathing is called diaphragmatic breathing.
|
|
|
How is minute ventilation (MV) measured? What is the volume of one breath termed?
|
MV = 12 breaths/min x 500mL/breath
= 6 L/min Tidal Volume |
|
|
How much air actuall reaches the respiratory zone of the repiratory sytem? Where does the rest remain? What is this called?
|
75% approximately 350 mL. The remaining 150mL remains in the conducting zone and is known as anatomical dead space
|
|
|
The capacity at which one inhales more than the tidal volume of 500mL is _______ and is about_____mL in males and _____mL in females
|
Inspiratory reserve volume, 3100, 1900
|
|
|
The ___________________ is 1200mL in males and 700mL in females
|
Expiratory reserve volume
|
|
|
What is residual volume?
|
The air remaining in the lungs and non-collapsible airwaysafter ERV has been exhaled keeping the alveloi slightly inflated and amounts 1200mL in males and 11mL in females
|
|
|
How is minute ventilation (MV) measured? What is the volume of one breath termed?
|
MV = 12 breaths/min x 500mL/breath
= 6 L/min Tidal Volume |
|
|
How much air actuall reaches the respiratory zone of the repiratory sytem? Where does the rest remain? What is this called?
|
75% approximately 350 mL. The remaining 150mL remains in the conducting zone and is known as anatomical dead space
|
|
|
The capacity at which one inhales more than the tidal volume of 500mL is _______ and is about_____mL in males and _____mL in females
|
Inspiratory reserve volume, 3100, 1900
|
|
|
The ___________________ is 1200mL in males and 700mL in females
|
Expiratory reserve volume
|
|
|
What is residual volume?
|
The air remaining in the lungs and non-collapsible airways after ERV has been exhaled keeping the alveloi slightly inflated and amounts 1200mL in males and 1100mL in females
|
|
|
What is the difference between a lung volume and lung capacity?
|
A lung volume is the volume of air inhaled exhaled quietly or forcefully or remaining in the lungs. A lung capacity is a combination of these volumes
|
|
|
Define alveolar ventilation rate and FEV1.0
|
Alveolar ventialtion rate is the volume of air per minute that reaches the respiratory zone. FEV is the forced exhalation volume in one second with maximal effort following maximal inhalation
|
|
|
Explain Daltons Law in relation to respiration
|
Daltons law states each gas in a mix exerts its own pressure as if it were the only gas present. Air is a mix of gases which each exert a partial pressure. Partial pressures determine the movement of O2 and CO2 b/w cells and blood and blood and the lungs
|
|
|
Define Henrys law
|
Henrys law states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is directly related to its partial pressure and solubility.
|
|
|
In body fluid what influences gas to stay in a solution?
|
A high partial pressure and high solubility in water
|
|
|
What is a major clinical application of Henrys law
|
The hyperbaric chamber uses pressure to diffuse O2 into the blood more quickly. It can be used to kill anaerobic bacteria that cause tetanus and gangrene. They can also be used for treating smoke-inhaltion, near drowning, asphyxia and burns
|
|
|
What are the partial pressures of the gases in atmospheric air? What is the pressure of atmospheric air?
|
N2 = 78.6% or 597.4 mm Hg
O2 = 20.9% or 158.9 mm Hg H2O= 0.4% or 3.0 mm Hg CO2 = 0.04% or .3mm Hg Other = .06% or 0.5mm Hg =760mm Hg |
|
|
What is the partial pressure of O2 in
the pulmonary capillaries? the alveolar air? atmospheric air? systemetic tissue cells? |
40mm Hg
105mm Hg 159mm Hg 40mm Hg |
|
|
What is the partial pressure of CO2 in;
oxygenated blood? deoxygenated blood? the alveolar air? systemetic tissue cells? |
40mm Hg
45mm Hg 40mm Hg 45mm Hg |
|
|
What factors affect the rate of pulmonary and systematic gas exchange?
|
Partial pressure differences in alveolar air and pulmonary capillaries.
Surface area of the alveoli (70 sq ft) The respiratory membrane is thin making diffusion occur quickly. Molecular weight of O2 is lower than CO2 and can be expected to diffuse across the membrane faster than CO2 (1.2 x faster) |
|
|
What is the equivalant of O2 in 100mL oxygenated blood? What are the amounts dissolved in the blood plasma and bound to hemaglobin?
|
20mL per 100mL oxtgenated blood. 1.5 % dissolved in blood plasma and the other 98.5% bound to Hb as Hb-O
|
|
|
What does it mean if a Hb molecule is 75% saturated?
|
Each Hb molecule is bound to three O2 molecules
|
|
|
How is the Hb O relationship displayed? Under what conditions?
|
By the oxygen heamoglobin association curve which shows the relationship between Hb saturation and P O2 at normal body temperature
|
|
|
What effect does acidity have on Hb affinity for O2? What would happen to the O2 Hb dissassociation curve?
|
If pH decreases (increase in acidity) O2 dissassociates more freely therfore the affinity is reduced thus the curve would shift to the right
|
|
|
What are the main acids produced in metabolisim?
|
Lactic acid and carbonic acid
|
|
|
What is the Bohr effect?
|
The presence of carbon dioxide helps the release of oxygen from haemoglobin, this is known as the Bohr effect.
|
|
|
What is CO2 and how does it promote the release of O2 from haemoglobin?
|
Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration and its concentration is high in the respiring cell and so it is here that haemoglobin releases oxygen.
|
|
|
What is the chloride shift?
|
The exchange of chloride (Cl−) and bicarbonate (HCO3−) between plasma and the erythrocytes occurring whenever HCO3− is generated or decomposed within the erythrocytes.
|
|
|
What is the Haldane effect?
|
The Haldane effect describes how O2concentrations determine Hb's affinity for CO2. For example, high O2 concentrations enhance the unloading of CO2. The converse is also true: low O2 concentations promote loading of CO2 onto Hb. In both situations, it is oxygen that causes the change in CO2 levels.
|
|
|
What is the difference between the Haldene effect and the Bohr effect?
|
The simplest way to differentiate the two effects is to identify which molecule is the cause of the change. Bohr effect describes CO2 & H affinity for Hb and Haldane describes O2 concentrations affect on Hb affinity for CO2
|
|
|
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
|
7% dissolved in blood plasma. 23% as carbamino acids mainly bound to Hb as carbaminoheamoglobin and 70% as bicarbonate ions HCO3 transported in blood plasma.
|
|
|
What is the formula for the conversion of CO2 into HCO3 via the reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase which dissassociates into H+ ions and HCO3 ions?
|
in the presence of carbonic anhydrase
CO2 + H2O ---- H2CO3 ---- H+ + HCO3 |
|
|
What is the purpose of the chloride shift?
|
To exchange negative ions to maintain the electrical balance b/w blood plasma and RBC's
|
|
|
What influences the ability of Hb to carry CO2?
|
The percent saturation of heamoglobin with oxygen. The lower the saturation of Hb-O the higher CO2 carrying capacity. Known as the Haldane effect
|
|
|
What charecteristics of deoxygenated heamoglobin give rise to the Haldane effect?
|
1. Deoxygenaed Hb binds to thus transports more CO2 than Hb-O
2. It also buffers more H+ than does Hb-O thereby removing H+ from the solution promoting conversion of CO2 to HCO3 by the reaction catalyzed by carbonic acid |
|
|
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
|
7% dissolved in blood plasma. 23% as carbamino acids mainly bound to Hb as carbaminoheamoglobin and 70% as bicarbonate ions HCO3 transported in blood plasma.
|
|
|
What is the formula for the conversion of CO2 into HCO3 via the reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase which dissassociates into H+ ions and HCO3 ions?
|
in the presence of carbonic anhydrase
CO2 + H2O ---- H2CO3 ---- H+ + HCO3 |
|
|
What is the purpose of the chloride shift?
|
To exchange negative ions to maintain the electrical balance b/w blood plasma and RBC's
|
|
|
What influences the ability of Hb to carry CO2?
|
The percent saturation of heamoglobin with oxygen. The lower the saturation of Hb-O the higher CO2 carrying capacity. Known as the Haldane effect
|
|
|
What charecteristics of deoxygenated heamoglobin give rise to the Haldane effect?
|
1. Deoxygenated Hb binds to thus transports more CO2 than Hb-O
2. It also buffers more H+ than does Hb-O thereby removing H+ from the solution promoting conversion of CO2 to HCO3 by the reaction catalyzed by carbonic acid |
|
|
What saturation percentage is Hb in a person at rest?
|
Hb is 75% saturated at a PO2 of 40mm Hg, the average PO2 of tissue cells in a person at rest.
|
