Respiratory System 1

Front 1

what is the primary function of the respiratory system?

Back 1

supply O2 and eliminate CO2
maintain acid-base balance (via regulation of CO2 in blood)

Front 2

what are the 4 integrated processes of respiratory system?

Back 2

1. ventilation
2. gas exchange
3. transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood
4. exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and cells

Front 3

bulk flow of air from environment to gas exchange surfaces

Back 3

ventilation

Front 4

diffustion of O2 and CO2 between air and blood

Back 4

gas exchange

Front 5

surrounds thoracic cavity

Back 5

chest wall

Front 6

separates thoracic and abdominal cavities and is the primary muscle of inspiration

Back 6

diaphragm

Front 7

serous membranes that surround each lung, form fluid-filled pleural sacs

Back 7

pleurae

Front 8

lines chest wall and diaphragm

Back 8

parietal pleura

Front 9

covers the lungs

Back 9

visceral pleura

Front 10

thin, fluid-filled space between parietal and visceral pleurae. THE FLUID THAT CONNECTS LUNGS TO CHEST WALL

Back 10

intrapleural space

Front 11

what are the organs of the conducting zone?

Back 11

-nasal cavity
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-primary bronchi

Front 12

what are the organs of the inner lungs?

Back 12

-secondary, tertiary, and smaller bronchi
-bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Front 13

what are the organs of the respiratory zone?

Back 13

-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs
-alveoli

Front 14

bulk flow region, no gas exchange = anatomic "dead space"

Back 14

conducting zone

Front 15

gas exchange region

Back 15

respiratory zone

Front 16

primary sites of gas exchange; huge surface area

Back 16

alveoli

Front 17

type cells that are made of simple squamous epithelium

Back 17

type 1 cells

Front 18

type cells that are made of surfactant cells

Back 18

type 2 cells

Front 19

"dust cells"

Back 19

alveolar macrophages

Front 20

surrounds alveoli, exchange O2 and CO2 with air in the alveoli

Back 20

pulmonary capillaries

Front 21

primary and secondary muscle of inspiration

Back 21

primary - diaphragm
secondary - external intercostals, neck muscles

Front 22

passive and active muscle of expiration

Back 22

passive - elastic recoil of lungs
active - internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

Front 23

___ drives air flow in and out of lungs

Back 23

pressure difference

Front 24

air moves from ___ to ___ pressure

Back 24

high; low

Front 25

760 mm Hg at sea level

Back 25

atmospheric (P atm)

Front 26

air pressure in the alveoli

Back 26

alveolar (P alv)

Front 27

when does P alv = P atm

Back 27

at end of expiration

Front 28

when does P alv < P atm

Back 28

during inspiration

Front 29

when does P alv > P atm

Back 29

during expiration

Front 30

pressure inside the intrapleural space

Back 30

intrapleural (P ip)

Front 31

at rest, what is the intrapleural pressure

Back 31

-4 mm Hg

Front 32

this P ip is due to elastic recoil forces of lungs (inward) and chest wall (outward)

Back 32

negative P ip

Front 33

air in intrapleural space when it reaches 0, the lung collapses

Back 33

pneumothorax

Front 34

compliance

Back 34

ease of expansion

Front 35

elasticity

Back 35

stretching force; ability to return to normal length or volume

Front 36

this depends mostly on diameter of small airways

Back 36

airway resistance

Front 37

bronchoconstriction/dilation

Back 37

smooth muscle of bronchioles

Front 38

-result of forces b/w water molecules at air-water interface
-tends to collapse alveoli inward
-greater effect on small alveoli than large alveoli

Back 38

surface tension

Front 39

P = 2T/r

Back 39

Law of LaPlace

Front 40

secrete by type 2 alveolar cells and reduces surface tension

Back 40

pulmonary surfactant

Front 41

function of pulmonary surfactant

Back 41

-decreases work of breathing
-stabilizes alveoli by reducing surface tension more in small alveoli

Front 42

this condition happens in premature infants due to insufficient surfactant

Back 42

respiratory distress syndrome

Front 43

two or more lung volumes equal what?

Back 43

total lung capacity

Front 44

minimum lung volume, 1200 mL

Back 44

residual volume

Front 45

volume in lungs at end of relaxed expiration, 2500 mL

Back 45

functional residual capacity

Front 46

volume inspired and expired in each breath, 500 mL, quiet breathing

Back 46

tidal volume

Front 47

maximum breathing volume, 4000-5000 mL

Back 47

vital capacity

Front 48

minute volume = __ x __

Back 48

respiration rate x tidal volume

Front 49

resting minute volume =

Back 49

6000 mL/min

Front 50

minute volume increases in proportion to ___

Back 50

gas exchange requirement

Front 51

how much volume of air is in DSV

Back 51

150 mL

Front 52

"effective" ventilation of fresh air to gas exchange surfaces

Back 52

alveolar ventilation

Front 53

V of A =

Back 53

RR x (VT - DSV)

Front 54

reduced lung compliance --> difficult inspiration, reduced vital capacity

Back 54

restrictive disorders (eg, pulmonary fibrosis)

Front 55

increased airway resistance --> difficult expiration, lower rate of expiration

Back 55

obstructive disorders (eg, asthma)

Front 56

normal FEV 1

Back 56

80%; less than 70% indicates obstructive disorder

Front 57

this tests proportion of vital capacity expired in 1 second

Back 57

forced expiratory volume

Front 58

examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

Back 58

emphysema, asthma, chronic bronchitis

Front 59

emphysema involves destruction of __

Back 59

alveolar tissue
fewer, larger alveoli --> decreased surface area for gas exchange
reduced elastic recoil of lungs --> difficult expiration, small airways collapse --> air trapping