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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What causes hypoxia?
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Reduced oxygen intake or hypoventilation
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What causes hypercapnia and hypocapnia and what are these associated with?
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Hypoventilation (respiratory acidaemia)and hyperventilation (panic - Respiratory alkalaemia) respectively
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What may cause metabolic acidosis?
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Hyperkalaemia (and vice versa)
ketoacidosis (diabetes, hypoglycaemia - low/no insulin), lactic acidosis (chronic hypoxia) loss from the kidney of HCO3 or GI tract (diarrhoea) or inability of kidneys to secrete H+ |
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What may cause metabolic alkalosis?
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Vomiting - Loss of protons
Bartters syndrome - Na/K/Cl pump failure or other K pumps resulting in excesive K excretion (and Na, Cl, and bicarbonate) Drugs - diuretics Hypokalaemia |
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Why can't metabolic alkalosis be compensated by ventilation changes to the same degree acidosis can?
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Hypoventilation raises CO2 levels and therefore acidity - However we need oxygen to live so hypoventillation is limited.
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Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors and what degree of O2 change is needed to stimulate breathing?
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Carotid and aortic bodies - Large falls in O2 stimulate breathing - O2 regulation not as tight as CO2
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The central medullary chemoreceptors are much more sensitive to CO2 then the peripheral ones. How is ventilation changed and which cells set the "normal" long-term CO2 level?
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CO2 enters through blood-brain barrier and turns into carbonic acid reducing pH - This stimualtes breathing to expel CO2 and correct CSF pH.
Choroid plexus cells - These control the entry of HCO3 into the CSF and therefore the amount of CO2 needed to lower pH |
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Define Asthma
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Chronic Inflammatory disorder with
WIDE SPREAD AND VARIABLE OBSTRUCTION which can be caused by a number of STIMULI (allergens etc) and is often REVERSIBLE with treatment |
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What type of hyper-sensitivity is asthma?
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Type I
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Which cells cause the acute onset of an attack?
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Mast cell and associated degranulation
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Which cells lead to damage of the airway and which drugs are these sensitive to?
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Eosinophils and steriods
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What are the 3 phases of disease in asthma?
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1: acute exacerbation
2: persistant symptoms - nocturnal cough and excessive mucus 3: Chronic damage - Fixed airway obstruction and restriction |
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What are the clinical features of asthma?
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Wheeze - Polyphonic, expiratory, high pitch
Cough - Nocturnal - check sputum colour and fever Chest tightness Shortness of breath Prolonged expiratory phase - narrowed airways |
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What are some triggers of asthma?
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Cold, stress, exercise, fumes, chemicals, allergens, drugs
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What are life threatening signs for asthma and also other respiratory disease
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PEFR <35%
saturation <92% Silent chest Cyanosis Loss of conciousness - beware CO2 Arrythmia Exhaustion Hypotension |
