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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What % O2 is atmospheric air? |
20.98% oxygen |
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What does alveolar surfactant do? |
- increases compliance and reduces the work of breathing - reduces surface tension and prevents alveoli collapse - helps keep alveoli dry |
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A normal arterial blood PaO2 (partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in the blood) is... |
80-100mmHg (mmHg = a millimetre of mercury) |
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Oxygen is required in the cells for... |
aerobic respiration |
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Pnemonia may be caused by |
- bacterial - fungal - protazoan - Rickettsial causes. |
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Pulmonary consolidation is... |
... a region of (normally compressible) lung tissue that has filled qith liquid, a condition marked by induration (swelling or hardening of normally soft tissue) of an aerated lung. |
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Hypozemia is PaO2 (in millimetres of mercury) |
< 50mmHg |
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PaO2/PaCO2 = |
the partial pressure of oxygen/carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood, expressed in mmHg |
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Normal partial pressure of CO2 dissolved in blood (PaCO2) is... |
... 35-40mmHg |
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Bacterial pneumonia involves an ______________(?) response |
inflammatory |
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Hypoxaemia is... |
... an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood (more specifically O2 deficiency in arterial blood). Can cause hypoxia as the blood is not supplying enough oxygen to the body. |
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An endotoxin is... |
... a toxin contained in the cell walls of some microorganisms, especially gram-negative bacteria, they're released when the bacterium dies and is broken down in the body. |
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What is the 'Gram Stain'? |
In microbiology, the visualisation of bacteria at the microscopic end is facilitated by the use of stains, which react with components present in some cells but not others. This technique is used to classify bacteria as either gram-negative or gram-positive depending on their colour following a specific staining procedure originally developed by Hans Christian Gram (in 1884). |
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Gram positive bacteria appear as ______________ or _____________ (what colours?) due to the crystal violet stain following the Gram stain procedure, e.g. streptococus |
dark blue or violet |
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Gram-negative bacteria appear ________ or _________ in colour due to the counterstain (isially sandranin) e.g. E-Coli |
red or pink |
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An arterial oxygen level below _kpa (kilapascals - unit of pressure) is generall accepted as hypoxemia. |
8 |
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Lactate is produced by humans under normal conditions at about ___-___ mmols/kg/day with blood levels maintained between _._-__ mmol/l |
15-30 (mmols/kg/day) 0.5-1 (mmol/l) |
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CURB65 assessment stands for... |
C - confusion (are they? Recently?) U - urea (19mg/dL) R - respiratory rate (≥ 30) B - blood pressure (systolic <90, dias ≤ 60) 65 - are they over it? |
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In anaerobic respiration glucose breaks down into... |
lactic acid and energy |
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Under aerobic conditions 1 mole of glucose = |
38 molecules of ATP |
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Under aerobic conditions the hydrolysis of ATP is responsible for the accumulation of ________ ions in the cell causing pH to fall. |
hydrogen |
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During anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is converted to... |
lactate |
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Patients with respiratory failure should limit __________ intake as metabolism increases CO2 production. |
carbohydrate |
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The most sensitive indicator of clinical deterioration is... |
respiratory rate |
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In normal health, the respiratory rate is primarily controlled through consideration of... |
arterial CO2 levels. |
