• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/82

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

82 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
tidal volume
volume inspired or expired with each normal breath
inspiratory reserve volume
volume inspired over and above TV ex. during exercise
expiratory reserve volume
volume that can be expired after expiration of a tidal volume
residual volume
volume that remains in lungs after a maximal expiration
- cannot be measured by spirometry
anatomic dead space
volume of conducting pathways
approx. 150 ml
physiological dead space
- volume of lungs that does NOT participate in gas exchange
calculation of physiological dead space (Vd)
Vd = TV x (PaCO2 - PeCO2) / PaCO2
minute ventilation
TV x breaths/min
alveolar ventilation
alveolar ventilation = (TV - Vd) x breaths/min
inspiratory capacity
IRC = IRV + TV
functional residual capacity
FRC = ERV + RV

volume remaining after a tidal volume is expired --> cannot be measured
vital capacity or forced vital capacity
FVC = TV + IRV + ERV
total lung capacity
TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV

- cannot be measured by spirometry
forced expiratory volume (FEV1)
volume of air that can be expired in the first second of forced maximal expiration
normal value of FEV1/FVC
0.80
obstructive lung disease, such as (1), the FEV1/FVC ratio is (2)
1 = asthma
2 = reduced
restrictive lung disease, such as (1), the FEV1/FVC ratio is either (2) or (3)
1 = fibrosis
2 = increased
3 = unchanged
what is the most important muscle for inspiration?
diaphragm
which muscles are used for inspiration during exercise/respiratory distress?
external intercostals
accessory abdominal muscles
muscles in quiet expiration?
none --> passive recoil of lung tissue
expiratory muscles used during exercise or when airway resistance is increased?
internal intercostals
abdominal muscles
compliance of lungs
describes distensibility of lungs
- inversely related to elastance AND stiffness
- slope of pressure-volume curve

C = V/P
transmural pressure = (1) pressure - (2) pressure
1 = alveolar pressure
2 = intrapleural pressure
when intrapleural pressure is negative, the lungs (1) and volume (2)

when intrapleural pressure is positive, the lungs (3) and volume (4)
1 = expand
2 = volume increases
3 = collapse
4 = volume decreases
hysteresis
difference between inspiration and expiration lung pressure-volume curves
when is lung compliance the highest?
middle range of pressure on curve
compliance of the lung-chest wall system is (1) than that of lungs or chest (2)
1 = less
2 = alone
pneumothorax
lungs collapse
chest wall springs forward
(natural tendencies)
emphysema
- lung compliance is (1) and tendency of lungs to collapse is (2); tendency of lungs to collapse is (3) than tendency of chest wall to expand resulting in (4)
1 = increased
2 = decreased
3 = less
4 = barrel-shaped chest
in fibrosis, lung compliance is (1) and tendency of lungs to collapse is (2); the tendency of lungs to collapse is (3) than tendency of chest wall to expand
1 = decreased 3
2 = increased
3 = greater
collapsing pressure (surface tension)
P = 2 T / r

T = surface tension
r = radius
in absent of surfactant, small alveoli have a tendency to (1) known as (2)
1 = collapse
2 = atelectasis
surfactant
- roles (2)
- synthesized where? (1)
- made of (3)?
2 = decreases surface tension, increases compliance
1 = type II alveolar cells
3 = DPPC dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
Ratio of what reflects mature lungs?
lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of 2:1 in amniotic fluid
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
due to lack of surfactant
lungs collapse, difficulty reinflating and hypoxia
formula for airflow
Q = P / R
poiseuilles law for resistance
R = 8 n l / (pi) r^4
where is the major site of airway resistance?
medium bronchi
What causes constriction of airways? (3)
1 = PNS
2 = irritants
3 = slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (asthma)
What causes dilation of airways? (2)
1 = SNS stimulation
2 = SNS agonists i.e. isoproterenol that act on B2 AR
asthma is an (1) disease, with (2) FVC and (3) FEV1 and (4) FEV1/FVC ratio; functional residual capacity is (5)
1 = obstructive disease
2 = decreased
3 = decreased
4 = decreased
5 = increased
COPD is an (1) disease with (2) lung compliance; characterized by (3) FCV, (4) FEV1 and thus, (5) FEV1/FVC ratio
1 = obstructive disease
2 = increased lung compliance
3 = decreased
4 = decreased
5 = decreased
fibrosis is a (1) disease with (2) lung compliance characterized by a decrease in (3); FEV1/FVC ratio is (4)
1 = restrictive disease
2 = decreased lung compliance
3 = decrease in all lung volumes
4 = increased (normal)
pink puffers
emphysema
- mild hypoxemia
- maintain alveolar ventilation = normocapnia
blue bloaters
bronchitis
- severe hypoxemia with cyanosis
- do not maintain alveolar ventilation = hypercapnia
- right ventricular failure and systemic edema
Dalton's law of partial pressure
PP = total pressure x fractional conc.
physiological shunt
2% of systemic cardiac output bypasses pulmonary circulation making the PO2 of arterial blood slightly lower than that of alveolar air
perfusion limited exchange
- demonstrated by (1)
- gas equilibrates (2) along length of pulmonary capillary
- diffusion of gas can only be increased in blood flow (3)
1 = N20, O2 under normal conditions, CO2
2 = early
3 = increases
diffusion limited exchange
- demonstrated by (1)
- gas (2) equilibrates along pulmonary capillary
1 = CO, O2 under strenous exercise
2= does not equilbrate
subunits in fetal hemoglobin
a2 y2
fetal Hb has a (1) affinity for O2 than adult Hb bc 2,3BPG binds (2)
1 = higher
2 = less tightly
methemoglobin
Fe3+
does not bind O2
O2 binding capacity of blood
max amount of O2 that can be bound to Hb

- depends on Hb conc.
SHIFT to the RIGHT of Hb-O2 curve
increased PCO2
increased 2, 3 BPG
decreased pH
increased temp
LEFT SHIFT of Hb-O2 curve
HbF
CO

---> affinity of Hb for O2 is increased
CO (1) the O2 content of the blood
decreases
hypoxemia
decrease in arterial PO2
A-a gradient
- used to compare causes hypoxemia
A-a gradient = alveolar PO2 - arterial PO2
alveolar PO2
alveolar PO2 = inspired Po2 - alveolar PCO2 / R
normal A-a gradient
is less than 10 mmHg
Increased A-a gradient
- if O2 does not equilibriate between alveolar and arterial blood

- diffusion defect
- V/Q defect
- right to left shunt
what is the major form of CO2 in blood?
HCO3

- small amounts of CO2 dissolved and as carbaminohemoglobin
main buffer of H+ in RBCs?
deoxyhemoglobin
pulmonary circulation vs. systemic circulation
- pressure is (1)
- resistance is (2)
- CO of RV = (3)
1 = much lower (15 mmHg)
2 = lower
3 = pulmonary blood flow
blood flow is lowest in the (1) of lung and highest at (2)
1 = apex (zone 1)
2 = base (zone 3)
zone 1
- blood flow (1)
- alveolar pressure is (2) than arterial pressure
1 = lowest
2 = greater than
--> high alveolar pressure compresses capillaries
--> hemorrhage or positive pressure ventilation
zone 2
- blood flow (1)
- alveolar pressure is (2) than arterial pressure
1 = medium
2 = lower
zone 3
- blood flow (1)
- arterial pressure is the (2)
1 = highest
2 - highest
In contrast to other organs, in lungs, hypoxia causes (1) which redirects blood away from poorly ventilated, hypoxic regions
1 = vasoconstriction
right to left shunts
ex. tetralogy of fallot

--> always decrease arterial PO2
V/Q ratio
ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow
Where is the V/Q ratio highest? (apex or base)
apex
apex has (1) regional arterial PO2 and (2) regional PCO2 bc gas exchange is more efficient
1 = highest
2 = lower
dorsal respiratory group
- inspiration
- generates basic rhythm of breathing
ventral respiratory group
- expiration
- not active during normal quiet breathing --> only active when expiration is an active process
apneustic centre
lower pons
- stimulates inspiration
- deep and prolonged inspiratory gasp
pneumotaxic centre
upper pons
- inhibits respiration
- regulates depth and rate of breathing
central chemoreceptors
- located in medulla
- sensitive to pH of CSF (decreases in pH increased breathing)
peripheral chemoreceptors
- location? (1)
- respond preferentially to? (2)
1 = carotid and aortic bodies
2 = decreased PO2 (<60 mmHg)
Hering-Breur Reflex
receptors are stimulated by distension of lungs, the produce a reflex decrease in breathing reflex
J (juxtacapillary) receptors
located in alveolar walls close to capillaries --> engorgement of capillaries i.e. left heart failure causes rapid, shallow breathing
joint and muscle receptors and breathing
early stimulation of breathing during exercise