Respiratory (Phys Lab)

Front 1

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Back 1

To bring oxygen into the body and eliminate carbon dioxide from the body.

Front 2

Trace the pathway of air from the outside of the body into the body.

Back 2

Air enters the nose through the external nares. Then the air passes through the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchus, and into the lungs.

Front 3

Describe the location of the visceral and parietal pleura.

Back 3

Visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs. Parietal lines the mediastinum, the diaphragm, and the thoracic wall.

Front 4

What is the function of pleural fluid?

Back 4

Assists in breathing movements by acting as a lubricant.

Front 5

Trace the pathway of air from the trachea to the respiratory zone.

Back 5

Trachea, to primary bronchi, to secondary bronchi, to tertiary bronchi, to smaller bronchi, to bronchioles, to terminal bronchioles, to respiratory zone.

Front 6

Describe the difference between bronchi and bronchioles in terms of smooth muscle and cartilage.

Back 6

Bronchi have rings of cartilage that keep them open. Bronchioles have no cartilage, but they do have smooth muscle in their walls.

Front 7

What is the function of the smooth muscle of the bronchioles?

Back 7

To allow airflow regulation by altering the diameter of the bronchioles.

Front 8

Where is the conducting zone and what is its function?

Back 8

The conducting zone is the airway from the nasal cavity through the terminal bronchioles. Its function is to moisten, warm, and filter the air.

Front 9

Where are three places alveoli are found?

Back 9

(1) In respiratory bronchioles where they are scattered in the walls.

(2) In alveolar ducts, which are completely lined by alveoli.

(3) In alveolar sacs, where they are found in clusters.

Front 10

What are the names of the blood vessels that carry blood to the lungs?

Back 10

The pulmonary arteries and branches of the pulmonary arteries.

Front 11

What are the names of the blood vessels that carry blood away from the lungs?

Back 11

The pulmonary veins and branches of the pulmonary veins.

Front 12

Which contain blood that is higher in oxygen, the pulmonary arteries or the pulmonary veins?

Back 12

The pulmonary veins.

Front 13

Where are the pulmonary capillaries found within the lung?

Back 13

They surround each alveolus.

Front 14

What three cell types are found within alveoli?

Back 14

(1) simple squamous epithelium

(2) alveolar macrophages

(3) surfactant-secreting cells

Front 15

What is the function of the alveolar macrophages, or dust cells, within alveoli?

Back 15

They creep along the inner surface of the alveoli, removing debris and microbes.

Front 16

What is the function of the surfactant-secreting, or Type II cells, within alveoli?

Back 16

They secrete surfactant.

Front 17

What is present on the inside surface of alveoli?

Back 17

Alveolar fluid, which is composed of water and surfactant.

Front 18

What would happen if there were no surfactant in alveolar fluid?

Back 18

The alveoli would collapse due to the surface tension of the water.

Front 19

Why is there no interstitial fluid in between the two layers of simple squamous epithelium in the respiratory membrane?

Back 19

Because pulmonary blood pressure is so low that little fluid filters out of the capillaries into the interstitial space.

Front 20

What two important gases diffuse across the respiratory membrane? In which direction does each gas flow?

Back 20

Oxygen gas diffuses from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli.

Front 21

What controls the basic rhythm of breathing?

Back 21

Respiratory centers located in the brainstem.

Front 22

What monitors changes in arterial PCO2, PO2 and pH?

Back 22

Sensory receptors called chemoreceptors.

Front 23

What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?

Back 23

Stretch receptors in the visceral pleura and large airways send inhibitory signals to the inspiratory center during very deep inspirations, protecting against excessive stretching of the lungs.

Front 24

Do changes in PCO2 and PO2 play a significant role in stimulating increased ventilation due to exercise?

Back 24

No they do not play a significant role.

Front 25

How is the volume of the thoracic cavity changed?

Back 25

By muscle contraction and relaxation.

Front 26

What two muscles contract during quiet inspiration? What is the effect of their contraction?

Back 26

The diaphragm and the external intercostals. As a result the thoracic cavity enlarges in all dimensions.

Front 27

What happens to pressure when we increase the volume within the thoracic cavity and the lungs?

Back 27

Pressure decreases.

Front 28

Explain what happens in quiet expiration.

Back 28

The diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles relax, and the elastic lungs and thoracic wall recoil inward.

Front 29

What effect does quiet expiration have on the volume of the thoracic cavity? How does this effect the pressure within the cavity?

Back 29

The volume is decreased and therefore the pressure increases within the thoracic cavity.

Front 30

What three factors cause the intrapleural pressure to be less than intrapulmonary (alveolar) pressure?

Back 30

(1) The surface tension of the alveolar fluid.

(2) The elasticity of the lungs.

(3) The elasticity of the thoracic wall.

Front 31

Why does a lung collapse if you cut into the pleural cavity?

Back 31

Because the pressure of the intrapleural cavity becomes equal to atmospheric pressure. There is no longer less pressure in the intrapleural cavity compared to within the alveoli so the lung collapses.

Front 32

If a pneumothorax occurs in one lung, why doesn't it also occur in the other lung?

Back 32

Each lung has its own pleural cavity and pleural membranes so that changes in the intrapleural pressure of one lung do not affect the other lung.

Front 33

Does histamine constrict or dilate bronchioles?

Back 33

Constrict

Front 34

Does epinephrine constrict or dilate bronchioles?

Back 34

Dilate

Front 35

What two factors is lung compliance dependent upon?

Back 35

(1) The stretchability of the elastic fibers within the lungs.

(2) The surface tension within the alveoli.

Front 36

After holding your breath for a minute, what would happen to the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid bathing the respiratory centers of the medulla?

Back 36

Lower

Front 37

What is the official term for the lung volume we determined when we used the spirometer to see who had the greatest number (about 6 liters)?

Back 37

vital capacity

Front 38

If you are careful about how you breathe, you should be able to measure each component of lung volumes with our simple spirometer except one. Which one?

Back 38

residual volume

Front 39

What is the official word for the cuff you use to measure blood pressure from the brachial artery?

Back 39

sphygmomanometer

Front 40

Why would a lung collapse from a puncture wound between the ribs?

Back 40

intrapleural space has same pressure as atmospheric

Front 41

What would happen if there were no surfactant in alveolar fluid?

Back 41

high surface tension would make breathing difficult at best

Front 42

What is the Heymer test for respiratory reserve?

Back 42

ability to hold breath

Front 43

Which ventricle pumps to the pulmonary circulation?

Back 43

right

Front 44

What is apnea?

Back 44

not breathing

Front 45

Why shouldn't you give pure O2 to a hospital patient who needs oxygen?

Back 45

CO2 is the stimulus for breathing

Front 46

If you are careful about how you breathe, you should be able to measure each component of lung volumes with our simple spirometer (the blue non-computer ones near the sink) except one. Which one?

Back 46

residual volume

Front 47

What artery do you usually use for arterial blood pressure?

Back 47

brachial

Front 48

The PowerLab defaults to the wrong units on the ordinate. Where do you get the information that allows you to calibrate the record?

Back 48

measure volume on spirometer

Front 49

Looking at the nomogram, what would you expect to happen to vital capacity with increasing age?

Back 49

decrease

Front 50

If you were to suck mercury through a tube, what is the highest (in mm) the mercury
would rise?

Back 50

760

Front 51

How many lobes does each lung have?

Back 51

Right = 3

Left = 2

Front 52

Surfactant decreases which property of water?

Back 52

surface tension

Front 53

When you smoke, what is paralyzed in the trachea?

Back 53

cilia

Front 54

During a pneumothorax, what is the state of the pressure in the intrapleural space compared to the external pressure?

Back 54

equal (external=atmospheric)

Front 55

Oxygen comes back to the heart from the lungs via which vasculature?

Back 55

pulmonary vein

Front 56

We measure oxygen and carbon dioxide individually. What type of pressure is this?

Back 56

partial pressure

Front 57

Which ion is CO2 converted to in the RBC to be carried back to the lungs?

Back 57

bicarbonate

Front 58

Where are the chemoreceptors for respiration located in the brain?

Back 58

medulla

Front 59

Which enzyme converts CO2 to H2CO3?

Back 59

carbonic anhydrase

Front 60

What is 760mm of mercury equal to?

Back 60

1 atmosphere of pressure

Front 61

What is the functional unit of the lung where gasses exchange?

Back 61

alveoli

Front 62

What is the name of the compartment between the lung and the ribs (and diaphragm)?

Back 62

intrapleural space

Front 63

What is the name of the cell type of the capillaries where gas exchanges after crossing the cells in the lung?

Back 63

endothelium

Front 64

Name 2 things the upper respiratory tract does to air that enters the nose.

Back 64

warms, filters, humidifies

Front 65

Name of the volume of a single inspiration and expiration (normal breathing)?

Back 65

tidal volume

Front 66

What drug, a naturally occurring hormone, is inhaled to open the airway?

Back 66

adrenalin

Front 67

Which gas is indirectly monitored to stimulate breathing?

Back 67

CO2

Front 68

Which protein in blood transports oxygen?

Back 68

hemoglobin

Front 69

How many oxygen molecules can a single hemoglobin molecule bind?

Back 69

4

Front 70

Which metal is present in hemoglobin?

Back 70

iron

Front 71

(Increased/Decreased) temperature decreases oxygen binding to hemoglobin.

Back 71

Increased

Front 72

Is CO2 or O2 more dissolvable in water?

Back 72

CO2

Front 73

What function does it serve for chloride to come into and go out of red blood cells?

Back 73

The chloride shift exchanges for bicarbonate to transport carbon dioxide

Front 74

Assume atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, what (approximately) is the pressure in the intrapleural cavity?

Back 74

just a few mm Hg less

Front 75

Why do premature babies have a hard time breathing?

Back 75

high surface tension b/c of lack of surfactant

Front 76

Why is asbestos worse for smokers?

Back 76

cilia are blocked

Front 77

Why would you need to remove the carbon dioxide in a recording spirometer's bell jar while you are studying the subject?

Back 77

otherwise, increasing CO2 would increase stimulus for breathing until the subject was breathing real hard

Front 78

According to a figure, at the end of tidal inspiration, "The first 150 ml is stale air from the dead space." Why "stale" and what did they mean "dead space" in this example?

Back 78

what is in the tubes is not fresh air, it was air that was from the lungs, the tubes do not do any exchange

Front 79

The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is 100 mm Hg. Why isn't it as high as the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere?

Back 79

because partial pressures of CO2 and H2O, high in the lungs but not the atmosphere, divide the partial pressures into more parcels

Front 80

As blood returns toward alveoli, the partial pressure for carbon dioxide is 46 mm Hg. Approximately what is this value as blood leaves the alveoli toward the tissues?

Back 80

40, it is interesting that it is that high

Front 81

How does a famous graph explain that Maze's baby was getting all the oxygen it needed across the placenta?

Back 81

the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve - fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2 than adult (maternal) hemoglobin

Front 82

What is the mechanism for the large pH variability in the cerebrospinal fluid that controls respiration?

Back 82

there are no buffers (as there are in the blood) for the acidification caused by CO2

Front 83

List 2 of the 4 primary functions of the respiratory system.

Back 83

• Exchange gases between the atmosphere and the blood.
• Homeostatic regulation of pH through the regulartion of CO2
• Protection from inhaled patholgens and irritating substances
• Vocalization.

Front 84

The right lung has __(a)___(fill in number) lobes and the left lung has ____(b)____ lobes.

Back 84

(a) (right) = 3 lobes

(b) (left) = 2 lobes

Front 85

Give one reason for the existence of the pleural membrane.

Back 85

1) so that the opposing membranes can slide across one another

2) It holds the lungs tight against the thoracic wall and holds them stretched in a partially inflated state.

Front 86

When the volume of a gas decreases, its pressure ___________.

Back 86

increases

Front 87

Which muscles are responsible for inspiration (there are 4).

Back 87

external intercostals, the scalenes, the diaphragm and the sternocleidomastoids

Front 88

When you inhale, the interpleural pressure increases or decreases?

Back 88

decreases

Front 89

What is the name of the substance that disrupts surface tension within the alveoli?

Back 89

surfactant

Front 90

The maximum amount of air that can be moved in or out of the lungs is the __________.

Back 90

vital capacity

Front 91

True or false: Eventually all the air in our lungs is replaced by fresh air

Back 91

FALSE

Front 92

Simple diffusion of gases follows ________ law of diffusion and what is the equation?

Back 92

Flicks

Diffusion = Surface Area X Concentration Gradient / Membrane Thickness X Membrane Resistance

Front 93

How is most oxygen transferred through the circulatory system to the cells?

Back 93

through the use of hemoglobin

Front 94

How is most CO2 transferred through the circulatory system back to the lungs?

Back 94

As Bicarbonate (HCO3)-

Front 95

When someone (or you) breathed into a plastic bag, how did your respiration (time and depth) change?

Back 95

Depth decreases, time decreases

Front 96

In the medulla what exactly do the chemoreceptors respond to, to know that carbon dioxide levels are too high?

Back 96

Increase in H+ ion.

Front 97

True/False Homeostatic regulation of pH through the regulation of O2 is one of the main functions of the respiratory system

Back 97

FALSE

Front 98

True/False The pleural membrane contains many mL of liquid

Back 98

FALSE

Front 99

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Back 99

2

Front 100

Which pair of muscles are responsible for expiration

Back 100

abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

Front 101

When a lung is punctured, why does it deflate? (no more than 2 sentences).

Back 101

Because air was allowed between the two pleural membranes and they can no longer hold the lung against the thoracic wall

Front 102

What is a type I cell used for in alveoli?

Back 102

gas exchange

Front 103

The upper airway has a few jobs to do before the air reaches the lower respiratory system. Name one.

Back 103

• Warm the air
• Take foreign materials out of the air
• Moisten the air

Front 104

During inspiration the diaphragm lifts or falls?

Back 104

falls

Front 105

During exhalation the interpleural pressure increases or decreases?

Back 105

increases

Front 106

In the lungs why is surfactant needed? (2 sentences max)

Back 106

So surface tension in the alveoli does not develop

Front 107

The volume inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing is called the _______________.

Back 107

tidal volume

Front 108

The volume that is left in your lungs even after you breath out everything is called the ______________.

Back 108

residual volume

Front 109

After Jane exhales as far as she can, she has 125 mL of air left in her lungs. When she inhales again, she takes in 450 mL of fresh air. How much fresh air makes it to Janeπs alveoli?

Back 109

450-125=325 ml

Front 110

What takes blood away from the lungs?

Back 110

Pulmonary veins

Front 111

What takes blood to the lungs?

Back 111

Pulmonary arteries

Front 112

Is CO2 or O2 more soluble in water?

Back 112

CO2

Front 113

What is the main source of transportation for O2 in the blood?

Back 113

hemoglobin

Front 114

From interactive physiology, (or the book) list one of the two factors which play roles in ventilation besides muscle contraction.

Back 114

• Resistance within the airway
• Lung compliance
• CNS control

Front 115

Match the following:

a. Arterioles constrict
b. Arterioles dilate
c. Bronchioles constrict
d. Bronchioles dilate

__ Low PCO2
__ Low P02
__ High PCO2
__ High PO2

Back 115

(c) Bronchioles constrict_ Low PCO2

(a) Arterioles constrict_ Low P02

(d) Bronchioles dilate__ High PCO2

(b) Arterioles dilate__ High PO2

Front 116

What are the critical stimuli that cause changes in ventilation rate?

Back 116

CO2 or H+ (Not oxygen)

Front 117

Why does smoking make breathing more difficult?

Back 117

Irritants in smoke inhibit the movement of cilia and destroy cilia in the lining of the respiratory system. Thus, mucus and foreign debris are not easily removed as they should.

Front 118

What apparatus did we use in our lab to measure respiration?

Back 118

Spirometer

Front 119

What do Type II alveolar cells do?

Back 119

They secrete surfactant, which lowers surface tension between alveolar cells, preventing collapse.

Front 120

What happens to the lung during pneumothorax?

Back 120

Air fills the pleural cavity with air, causing intrapleural pressure to be equal to atmospheric pressure rather than subatmospheric. This change causes the lung to collapse.

Front 121

What is the time it takes the average individual to perform five normal breaths?

Back 121

30 seconds

Front 122

What does FEV (1.0) mean?

Back 122

Forced Expiratory volume in one second. It is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled from the lung in one second with maximal effort.

Front 123

In an individual with a tidal volume of 500 mL/ breath, what is the alveolar ventilation rate assuming 12 breaths/ minute and 150 mL of anatomic dead space?

Back 123

500-150= 350 mL/breath. 350 mL/breath x 12 breaths/ min = 4200 mL/min

Answer: 4200 mL/min

Front 124

What is the residual volume and how can you measure it with spirometry?

Back 124

It is the volume of air that remains in the lungs even after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled. Trick answer: it cannot be measured by spirometry.

Front 125

This minute amount of fluid not found in the lung is partly responsible for keeping the lungs partly open after full exhalation and for not allowing you to completely blow all of the air out of your lungs

Back 125

Pleural fluid

Front 126

This is the name for a collapsed lung sometimes caused by a stab wound to the chest opening of pleural sac

Back 126

Pneumothorax

Front 127

Briefly describe the function of type I and type II cells in alveoli of the lungs

Back 127

Type I cells are very thin cells lining alveoli for gas exchange with capillaries

Type II cells produce surfactant

Front 128

Briefly describe the movement of the diaphragm during inhalation and exhalation

Back 128

Inhalation the diaphragm contracts and opens the lungs

Exhalation the diaphragm relaxes and decreases lung volume so air leaves

Front 129

If a crime victim is stabbed in the chest and their pleural sac is punctured, why do their lungs collapse?

Back 129

The pleural fluid leaves the pleural sac and the tension forces existing in the sac diminish and then the cohesion forces between the sac and the lungs diminishes and the lungs can no longer stay open and collapse

Front 130

Which is basically passive, inhalation or exhalation? Why?

Back 130

Exhalation is caused by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and greater pressure inside the lungs than in the outside air, thus air passively moves out of the lungs and is passively forced out of the lungs by the recoil of the lungs

Front 131

Chemoreceptors in the cerebrospinal fluid are activated by what signal in the fluid to increase ventilation? This signal is the result of what change in the blood stream?

Back 131

H+ ions in the cerebrospinal fluid attach to the receptors and cause an increase in ventilation.

The H+ ions accumulate as a result of increase C02 concentrations in the blood and subsequently in the cerebrospinal fluid as the C02 and not O2 diffuse into the fluid and is converted into H+ ions and bicarbonate ion

Front 132

Where is the respiratory control center located?

Back 132

Medulla of the brain stem