Respiratory Pathology, Diagnostic Terms And Tests

Front 1

auscultation

Back 1

listening to sounds within the body (with a stethoscope) - helpful to diagnose conditions of the lungs, pleura, heart and abdomen

Front 2

percussion

Back 2

tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure. (lungs with pneumonia sound denser)

Front 3

pleural rub, or friction rub

Back 3

scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other - occurs when pleura are roughened and thickened by inflammation, scarring or neoplastic cells

Front 4

rales (crackles)

Back 4

fine crackling sound heard on auscultation when there is fluid in the alveoli

Front 5

rhonchi

Back 5

loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation on bronchi obstructed by sputum - indicate congestion and inflammation in larger bronchial tubes

Front 6

sputum

Back 6

material expelled from the bronchi, lungs or uppper respiraory tract by spitting

Front 7

sputum culture

Back 7

growing sputum in a nutrient medium to detect the presence of a pathogen

Front 8

culture and sensitivity studies

Back 8

identify sputum pathogen and determine which antibiotic will be effective in destroying or reducing its growth

Front 9

purulent sputum

Back 9

green or brown sputum containing pus, indicative of infection or asthma

Front 10

blood-tinged sputum

Back 10

quality of sputum suggestive of tuberculosis or malignancy

Front 11

stridor

Back 11

strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx - by abcess, airway injury, croup, allergic reaction, or epiglottitis and laryngitis

Front 12

wheezes

Back 12

continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing - heard when bronchi are narrowed or obstructed as with asthma

Front 13

croup

Back 13

acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, barking cough and stridor

Front 14

diphtheria

Back 14

acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by bacterium causing inflammation, and a leathery opaque membrane forms in the pharynx and trachea

Front 15

DPT

Back 15

vaccine for diptheria, pertussis and tetanus

Front 16

epistaxis

Back 16

nosebleed

Front 17

pertussis

Back 17

whooping cough - highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx and trachea, characterized by paroxysmal spasms of coughing that ends in a loud "whooping" inspiration

Front 18

asthma

Back 18

chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and contriction and increased mucus production

Front 19

treatments for asthma (4)

Back 19

anti-inflammatory inhaled agents, bronchodilators, leukotriene blockers, trigger avoidance

Front 20

leukotrine blockers

Back 20

reduce inflammatory symptoms with inhaled medications

Front 21

bronchiectasis

Back 21

chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection - loss of elasticity of the bronchi

Front 22

chronic bronchitis

Back 22

inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time - a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Front 23

cystic fibrosis

Back 23

inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally

Front 24

atelectasis

Back 24

collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli

Front 25

emphysema

Back 25

hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls - loss of elasticity and the breakdown of alveolar walls result in expiratory flow limitation, increased pulmonary artery pressure - a type of COPD

Front 26

cor pulmonale

Back 26

right ventricular hypertrophy, and right heart failure

Front 27

lung cancer

Back 27

malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi

Front 28

NSCLC

Back 28

non-small cell lung cancer

Front 29

SCLC

Back 29

small cell lung cancer

Front 30

2 types of NSCLC

Back 30

adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma

Front 31

pneumoconiosis

Back 31

abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis

Front 32

3 types of pneumoconiosis

Back 32

anthracosis - coal dust (black lung);
asbestosis - asbestos particles;
silicosis - silica or glass (grinder's disease)

Front 33

pneumonia

Back 33

acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus - exudate consolidates (glues together) the alveoli, air exchange less effective

Front 34

exudate

Back 34

fluid, blood cells and debris

Front 35

infiltrate (noun)

Back 35

fluid filled area within the lungs as seen on a chest x-ray or CT scan

Front 36

lobar pneumonia

Back 36

entire lobe of a lung affected with pneumonia

Front 37

bronchopneumonia

Back 37

patchy abscesses in the lung parenchyma

Front 38

community-acquired pneumonia

Back 38

pneumonia resulting from a contagious respiratory infection

Front 39

hospital-acquired pneumonia, nosocomial pneumonia

Back 39

2 names for pneumonia acquired during hospitalization

Front 40

aspiration pheumonia

Back 40

pneumonia caused by material such as food lodging in bronchi or lungs

Front 41

pulmonary abscess

Back 41

large collection of pus in the lungs

Front 42

pulmonary edema

Back 42

fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles - caused by congestive heart failure - blood backs up in the pulmonary blood vessels

Front 43

pulmonary embolism

Back 43

clot or other material lodges in vessles of the lung

Front 44

pulmonary infarction

Back 44

occlusion in lungs causes an area of necrotic tissue

Front 45

pulmonary fibrosis

Back 45

formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs - from chronic inflammation or irritation caused by tuberculosis, pneumonia, or pneumoconiosis

Front 46

sarcoidosis

Back 46

chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes and other organs

Front 47

tuberculosis

Back 47

infectious disease caused by bacteria - bacilli invade lungs and produce small swellings of infection. highly contagious

Front 48

bacilli

Back 48

rod shaped bacteria

Front 49

mesothelioma

Back 49

malignant tumor arising in the pleura, caused by asbestos exposure

Front 50

pleural effusion

Back 50

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

Front 51

2 types of pleural effusion

Back 51

exudates - fluid from tumors, infections, trauma, and diseases; transudates - fluid from congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, or cirrhosis

Front 52

pleurisy

Back 52

inflammation of the pleura

Front 53

pneumothorax

Back 53

collection of air in the pleural space - caused by pulmonary disease, or prolonged high-flow oxygen from respirator

Front 54

pleurodesis

Back 54

artificial production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura for treatment of pneumothorax

Front 55

COPD

Back 55

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Front 56

COPD (def)

Back 56

chonic condition of persistnet obstruction of air flow through bronchial tubes and lungs

Front 57

CXR

Back 57

chest x-ray

Front 58

chest tomograms

Back 58

series of xray showing slices of the chest at different depths. Detect small masses not seen on regular films

Front 59

computed tomography scan of the chest

Back 59

series of xray images show thoracic structures

Front 60

MRI of the chest

Back 60

helpful in locating mediastinal tumors such as those of Hodgkin disease

Front 61

CT pulmonary angiography

Back 61

sueful to examine the pulmonary circulation to diagnose pulmonary embolism

Front 62

PET scan of the lung

Back 62

positron emission tomography - used to assess small nodules seen on a CT scan

Front 63

V/Q scan

Back 63

ventilation-perfusion scan

Front 64

V/Q scan (def)

Back 64

detection device records radioactivity in the lung afeter injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon) - identifies areas of lung not receiving adequate ventilation or perfusion

Front 65

perfusion

Back 65

blood flow

Front 66

bronchoscopy

Back 66

fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes - for examination, biopsy, or specimen collection

Front 67

bronchioalveolar lavage

Back 67

bronchial washing - fluid is injected into lungs and withdrawn using bronchoscope

Front 68

transbronchial biopsy, bronchial brushing

Back 68

forceps or brush is inserted through broncoscope to grasp or scrape of tissue

Front 69

endotracheal intubation

Back 69

ventillator - placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx and trachea to establish an airway.

Front 70

laryngoscopy

Back 70

visual examination of the voice box

Front 71

lung biopsy

Back 71

removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination

Front 72

PFTs

Back 72

pulmonary function tests

Front 73

PFTs (def)

Back 73

tests that measure the ventialtion mechanics of the lungs - airway function, lung volume, capacity of the lungs to exchange gasses.

Front 74

spirometer

Back 74

measures the volume and rate of air pssing into and out of the lung

Front 75

obstructive lung disease

Back 75

airways are narrowed which results in resistance to air flow during breathing

Front 76

FEV1

Back 76

forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration

Front 77

5 examples of obstructive lung disease

Back 77

cystic fibrosis, asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD, bronchiolitis

Front 78

restrictive lung disease

Back 78

expansion of the lung is limited by disease that affects the chest wall, pleura, or lung tissue itsease

Front 79

TLC

Back 79

total lung capacity

Front 80

examples of restrictive lung diseases (8)

Back 80

pulmonary fibrosis, radiation damage, pneumoconiosis, myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, diaphragmatic weakness, paralysis

Front 81

thoracentesis

Back 81

surgical pucture to remove fluid from the pleural space

Front 82

thoracotomy

Back 82

large surgical incision of the chest - necessary for lung biopsies and resections

Front 83

thoracoscopy (thorascopy)

Back 83

visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope

Front 84

video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)

Back 84

allows the surgeon to view the chest from a video monitor - thorascope is equipped with camera

Front 85

tuberculin test

Back 85

etermines past or present tuberculous infection based on a positive skin reaction

Front 86

3 types of tuberculin test

Back 86

Heaf test, tine test, mantoux test, all using PPD

Front 87

PPD

Back 87

purified protein derivative

Front 88

tube thoracostomy

Back 88

chest tube is passed through an opening in the chest to continously drain a pleural effusion