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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What separates the upper from the lower respiratory system.
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Pharynx
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What are the three systems of the respiratory tract?
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conducting
transitional exchange |
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What is the conducting system of the respiratory tract composed of?
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nasal cavity, sinuses, larynx, trachea and bronchi
ciliated epithelium and goblets cells seen here |
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What is the transitional system composed of?
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bronchioles
clara cells, non-ciliated secretory cells and only a few cilated cells seen here |
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What is the exchange system composed of?
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alveoli
epithelial type 1 (membranous) and epithelial type 2 (pnemonocytes) seen here |
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What are the two systems of the lungs and their functions?
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pulmonary system - conducts deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart
bronchial system - carries oxygenated blood |
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What are the types of cells in nasal cavity?
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pseudostratified and stratified cillated squamous epithelium
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What portion of the respiratory tract is considered sterile?
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distal portion
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What are the functions of type one pneumocytes?
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gas exchange
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What are the functions of type two pneumocytes?
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produce surfactant, reduce surface tension
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What are two examples of normal flora that can be pathogenic?
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mannheimia haemolytica, Bordetella bronchiseptica
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What are examples of non-specific defense mechanisms of the respiratory system?
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mucous trapping
mucocilliary clearance phagocytosis air turbulence |
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What are examples of immune mediated defense?
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antibody production
antibody-mediated phagocytosis cell mediated immunity |
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What lung macrophages will be used with a hematogenous pathogen
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pulmonary intravasular macrophage
seen in ruminants, horses, pigs and cats |
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What are the six causes of pneumonia that is by bacterial origin?
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stress
dehydration uremia pulmonary edema ammonia immunosupression |
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What is a cause of epitaxis in horses?
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Ethmoidal hematoma
exercise induced epitaxis |
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What disease can cause fibrosis rhinitis in cattle?
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IBR
produces a diptheritic membrane |
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What bacteria causes atrophic rhinitis in pigs?
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bordetella bronchiseptica and pasteurella multocida
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What age of pigs are affected by inclusion body rhinitis? (IBR)
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age 3-5 weeks
see cytomegaly and keratomegly with basophilic inclusion bodies |
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What are differential diagnoses for cat with nasal and ocular discharge?
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feline herpesvirus1
feline calicivirus both can lead to interstitial pneumonia |
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What are the variety of infections that cause of kennel cough?
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Bordetella bronchiseptica
Canine adenovirus 2 Canine parainfluenzavirus 2 Mycoplasma spp |
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What is necrotizing laryngitis?
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calf diptheria
secondary infection by fusobacterium necrophorum followed by trauma or viral infection such as IBR |
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What is the inflammation of the guttural pouch called? What is it called when air is trapped?
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Eustachitis
Guttural pouch tympany |
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What bacteria causes strangles in horses?
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streptococcus equi
infections involves bacteria in the Guttural pouch and lymph and lymph nodes |
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What fungi causes gutteral pouch mycosis?
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aspergillus, fungi has a predalection for vessles and can cause CNS signs when near cranial nerves
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What is COPD?
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
seen in horses and pones "heaves" "broken wind" Asthma like syndrome" |
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What is exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage?
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common condition in race horses
follows strenous exercise epitaxis is present in only 1-10% of horses frequency increase with age and severity of exercise result of marked elevation in arterial and capillary pressures and hemorrhage occurs in the dorso-caudal portions of the caudal lung lobes |
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What bacteria causes necrotizing laryngitis in cattle? What can this lead to?
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Fusobacterium necrophorum
Pneumonia |
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What is roaring caused by? What is the technical term?
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Neuropathy of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (vagus), causing atrophy of dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle
Laryngeal hemiplegia |
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What are diseases similar to COPD in horses?
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Feline asthma
Feline allergic bronchitis |
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What are the layers of the blood brain barrier?
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endothelial cell
basement membrane of endothelial cell basement membrane of type 1 pneumocyte cytoplasm of type 1 pneumpcyte |
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What is the developmental cause of vena cava thrombosis in cattle?
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grain overload or rumen acidosis
get liver abscess and damage to vena cava following bacteremia seen in feedlot cattle |
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What is the gross appearance of a lung with pulmonary edema?
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enlarged, wet, interstitial spaces filled with fluid
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What are causes of pulmonary edema?
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cardiogenic with increased hydrostatic pressure
non-cargiogenic edema/permeability obstruction due to lymph drainage |
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Cardiogenic edema associated with what condition?
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left sided heart failure
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What is the accumulation of carbon in the lungs called?
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Pulmonary anthracosis
see this in macrophages or interstitial space |
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What is incomplete expansion of the lungs? causes?
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atelectasis
congential, acquired, compressiveDue to space occupying lesions like hydrothorax, hemothorax and pleuritis Can be due to a pneumothorax lung does not float |
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What is meconium?
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A mixture of secretions from intestinal glands and amniotic fluid
(aspiration) seen in bovine fetuses and causes patchy atelectasis |
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What is pulmonary emphysema?
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permanent enlargement of air spaces of terminal bronchiole
results in destruction of the alveolar wall |
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What does emphysema do to gas exchange?
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reduces gas exchange due to the reduction of surface area
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What type pneumonia is caused by viruses and pneumotoxins?
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interstitial pneumonia
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What route does embolic pneumonia travel?
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hematogenous route
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What are the differential diagnosises of viral pneumonia in cattle?
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IBR
parainfluenzavirus 3 Bovine respiratory syncytial virus |
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What causes bovine enzootic pneumonia in cattle?
(chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia) |
mycoplasma and chalymidophilia
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What is shipping fever?
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An acute respiratory disease that occurs in cattle several days or weeks after shipment
Cause by Mannheimia haemolytica Most economically important respiratory disease of cattle in North America, particularly in feedlot cattle |
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What bacteria has similar signs like Mannheimia haemolytica?
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Histophilus somni
see coagulation necrosis in paranchyma |
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What bacterial pneumonia can cause chronic fibrinous arthritis?
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mycoplasma bovis
seen in feedlot cattle |
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What does Mycoplasma bovis cause in the lungs?
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causes a nectrotizing bronchopneumonia
see caseous necrosis see lesions in LN |
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What causes verminous bronchitis/pneumonia in cattle? sheep and goats? Equine?
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Dictyocaulus vivparus
Dictyocaulus filaria Dictyocaulus arnfieldi the worms are usually confined to the caudal lung lobes |
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What are the signs of atypical interstitial pneumonia?
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interstitial penumonia
hyaline membranes and hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes |
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How do you distinguish the difference in the presentation of a viral vs bacterial pneumonia?
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Viral- see enlarged lungs with rib impressions and interstitial pneumonia
Bacterial- see suppurative lesions |
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What are examples of atypical interstitial pneumonias?
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bovine pulomary edema and emphysema (fog fever) - tryptophan present in pasture, metabolized in rumen to 3 methylindole and carried to lungs effects clara cells
extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) seen in dairy cows in winter, inhaling organic antigens Milk allergy (type I hypersensitivity in cows sensitized to their own milk casein and lactalbumin ingestion of moldy potatoes - pneumotoxicant |
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What are the three viral causes of pneumonia in sheep and one in goats?
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Parainfluenza virus-3
Bovine resp syncytial virus Maedi-visna -> lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia CAE (goats) |
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What causes bacterial pneumonia in sheep?
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Mannhemia hemolytica
Pasturella multocida |
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What viruses cause transient broncho-interstitial pneumonia in horses?
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EHV-1, EHV-4, EVA (Eq. viral arteritis) and Equine Adenovirus esp in immune compromised horses
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What are the signs of Equine Morbilivirus?
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Multinucleated syncytial cells in endothelium of blood vessels
No inclusion bodies seen |
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What bacteria can cause interstitial pneumonia in foals with combined immune deficiency?
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Pneumocystis carinii
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What type of pneumonia does Rhodococcus equii cause?
Where does the bacteria survive? |
Chronic suppurative -> pyogranulomatous pneumonia
Inside macrophages R equi can infect people who are immunosuppressed Enterocolitis with lymphanitis (from swallowed bacteria originating from lungs) |
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What are the viral causes of pneumonia in pigs?
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
swine influenza postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome porcine respiratory coronavirus |
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What bacteria is common to see in pigs with PRRS & PMWS?
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Pneumocystis carinii
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What kind of pneumonia is caused by Mycoplasma in pigs? What is the name for how the lungs look?
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Suppurative or cattarrhal bronchopneumonia
"Fish flesh" |
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What causes Glasser's disease and what kind of lesions does it cause?
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Haemophilus parasuis
Fibrinous pleuritis and pneumonia |
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What causes porcine contagious pleuropneumonia? Describe the lesions. Where are they located?
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Hemorrhage, necrosis & thrombosis Dorsal area of caudal lung |
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What does porcine contagious pleuropneumonia resemble in cattle? How is it different?
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Shipping Fever
Lesions located in ventral lung |
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What are the most common infectious pneumonia in dogs?
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canine distemper and kennel cough
see secondary bacterial pneumonia |
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What are the most common non infectious pneumonia in dogs?
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uremia and paraquat (herbicide)
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What are causes of granulomatous pneumonia in dogs?
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Blastomycosis and Histoplasmosis
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Do we see pneumonia in cats?
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not usually
see upper respiratory infections viruses that produce URI may induce pneumonia but unless complicated with secondary bacterial infectious they are usually do not pose a significant problem |
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What parasite can cause pulmonary abscesses in cats?
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Aelurostronglyus abstrusus
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Where do we seen pulmonary neoplasias?
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in older animals due to metastasis
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What causes chronic pleuritis with sulfur granules in cats?
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Nocardia asteroides
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What can cause fibrinosuppurative pleuropneumonia in rabbits?
What else can this bacteria cause? |
Pasturella multocida
Pasturellosis, snuffles, abscesses |
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What is the term for infection of the air sacs in birds?
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Air saculitis
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What are the two main causes of granulomatous pneumonia in birds?
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Aspergillus
Mycobacterium avium |
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What are 2 differential diagnosis for a SCID foal with interstitial pneumonia?
What stain(s) can be used to provide a definitive diagnosis? |
Pneumocystis carinii or Equine adenovirus
GMS or PAS stain |
