Respiratory Ii

Front 1

Volumes of air exchanged in pulmonary ventilation

Back 1

spirometer- measures the amount of air exchanged in breathing
Tidal volume (Vt) amount of gas inspired and expired during normal resting breathing.
normally around 500 ml.
vital capacity (VC): largest amount of air that we can breathe out in one expiration. around 4800ml in normal young men. VC= TV +IRV+ERV
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring the tidal volume

Front 2

Volumes of air exchanged in pulmonary ventilation II

Back 2

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) amount of air that can be forcibly inspired over and above a normal inspiration
as the tidal volume increases the ERV and IRV decrease
residual volume (RV) the air that remains in the lungs after the msot forceful expiration

Front 3

regulation of respiration

Back 3

The more work the body does, the more oxygen that must be delivered to the cells.
can be accomplished by increasing the rate and depth of respirations.
the heart beats faster and harder to pump more blood through the body each minue.
working cells also produce more wase products such as CO2 and metabolic acids.
By increasing the rate and depth of respiration, we can adjust to the varying demands for increased oxygenn while increasing the elimination of waste products in expired air to maintain homeostasis

Front 4

regulation of respiration

Back 4

the respiratory muscles are stimulated by nervous impulses that originate in the respiratory control centers in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain. These centers are regulated by inputs from receptors located in varying areas of the body.
certian receptors sense Co2 or o2 levels
some sense blood acid levels or the amount of stretch in lung tissue
The two most important control centers arein the medulla and are called the inspiratory center and expiratory center
centers in the pons have a modifying function
under resting conditions, neurons in the inspiratory and expiratory centers "fire" at a rate of about 12 to 18 breaths

Front 5

respiratory capacity

Back 5

3600 mls in men and 3400mls in women

Front 6

Cerebral cortex

Back 6

The cerebral coretx can influence respiration by modifying the rate at which neurons fire in the inspiratory and expiratory centers of teh medulla
an individual may volunatirly speed up or slow down the ventilation rate or greatly change the pattern of respiration during activities ie holding breathe underwater swimming
regardless of cerebral intent, we resume breathing when our bodies sense the need for more oxygen or if CO2 levels increase to certain levels

Front 7

Receptors Influencing Respiration

Back 7

Chemoreceptors: located in the carotid and aortic bodies
sensitive to increases in Co2 levels and decreases in O2 levels
can also sense and respond to increasing blood acid levels
The carotid body receptors are found at the point where the common carotid arteries divide.
the aortic bodies are small clusters of cells that lie adjacent to the aortic arch

Front 8

receptor influencing respiration II

Back 8

Pulmonary stretch receptors located throughout the pulmonary airways and in the alveoli.
Influence the normal pattern of breathing and protect the respiratory system from excess stretchingn caused by overinflation
When the lungs are expanded ,they send inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory center
relaxation of inspiratory muscles occurs and expiration follows
after expiration the lungs are sufficiently deflated to inhibit the stretch receptors, and inspiration is then allowed to start again.

Front 9

types of breathing

Back 9

eupnea: normal respiratory/ventilatory rate
hyperventilations: very rapid and deep breathing
hypoventilation: slow and shallow respirations
Dyspnea: labored difficult breathing
often associated with hypoventilation

Front 10

Types of breathing

Back 10

apnea: cessation of breathing, regardless of cause
Sleep apnea: brief but frequent stops in breathing during sleep
Often caused by enlarged tonsillar tissueand may require a tonsillectomy
Respiratory arrest: failure to resume breathing after a prolongued period of apnea

Front 11

Respiratory Pathophysiology

Back 11

Upper tract infections -sinusitis, pharyngitis, URI,epiglottis, LTB, Croup, Asthma, COPD, Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, pneumoconiosis, sarcoidosis, pulmonary embolus

Front 12

Respiratory Pathophysiology

Back 12

pneumonia, bronchitis, pleuritis, pleurisy, pulmonary edema, pneumo, hemo thorax, pleural effusions, cancer, TB and other infections

Front 13

Oxygen therapy

Back 13

nasal cannula 2-6 liters, simple mask- 6 liters or greater
non-rebreather, rebreather, venturi

Front 14

cannula

Back 14

2-6 liters humidity post 4 liters
dose in lpm not FI02

Front 15

Simple mask

Back 15

6 liters or greater
.50% FI02

Front 16

non rebreather

Back 16

designed to be at 100%
FI02
Realistically gives 60-80%

Front 17

Venturi

Back 17

administer specific FIo2-24, 28,31,35,40,50%