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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 9 functions of the respiratory system?
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1) humidify air
2) purify air 3) exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen 4) decrease air velocity 5) phonation 6) maintain airway patency 7) conduct air to lungs 8) provide for special sense of smell 9) regulate air temperature |
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What are the components of the respiratory system?
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1) conducting
2) respiratory |
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What is in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
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1) nasal cavity
2) pharynx - nasal, oral, laryngal 3) larnyx 4) trachea 5) primary bronchi 6) secondary bronchi 7) bronchioles 8) terminal bronchioles |
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What is in the respiratory component of the respiratory system?
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1) respiratory bronchioles
2) alveolar ducts 3) alveoli |
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What is the typical histological layering of the respiratory system?
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1) mucosa
2) submucosa 3) cartilage/bone 4) adventitia |
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What is in the mucosa?
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1) epithelium - psuedostratified columnar with cilia
2) goblet cells 3) neuroendrocrine cells 4) brush cells 5) lamina propria 6) muscularis externa/elastic lamina/neither |
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What is the overall progression of the respiratory system? (12 pcs)
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1) nasal cavity
2) pharynx 3) larynx 4) trachea 5) primary bronchi 6) secondary bronchi 7) bronchioles 8) terminal bronchioles 9) respiratory bronchioles 10) alveolar ducts 11) alveolar sacs 12) alveoli |
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What is special about the lamina propria of the respiratory system mucosa?
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it has longitudinally arranged elastic fibers
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What is in the submucosa of the respiratory mucosa?
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1) extensive vasculature
2) mixed serous/mucous glands |
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Where does the bone and cartilage layer of the respiratory system drop out?
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bronchioles
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What are the big transitions that we need to know about in the respiratory system?
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1) epithelium
2) cartilage/bone 3) glands 4) layer thickness |
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What happens in the epithelium as you advance down to the alveoli? (3 things)
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1)lose height: pseudostratified columnar--> simple columnar --> simple squamous
2)lose cilia 3)goblet cells drop out |
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Where do cilia stop?
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respiratory bronchioles
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Where do goblet cells stop?
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larger bronchioles
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Where do mixed serous/mucous glands stop?
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bronchioles
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What stops at the respiratory bronchioles vs bronchioles?
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bronchioles - goblet cells, mixed serous glands, cartilage
respiratory bronchioles -cilia |
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What are the two components of an alveoli?
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1) outside is simple squamous epithelium
2) inside is connective tissue core |
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What is in the connective tissue core? (3)
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-elastic fibers
-reticular fibers -capillaries |
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What are the two zones of the nasal cavity?
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1) olfactory
2) non olfactory |
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What are the two components of the non olfactory region?
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1) vestibule
2) nasal fossae |
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What happens in the vestibule?
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transition from epithelium of skin with hair to non keratinized psuedostratified epithelium of respiratory cavity
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What kind of epithelium is in the nasal fossa?
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-typical respiratory epithelium that is highly vascularized
-no muscularis mucosae (makes since because you dont really need to contract anything) |
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Is there bone in the respiratory passway at the nasal fossa? What is their function?
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YES MUTHER FUCKER!
THERE IS ALSO SOME CARTILAGE! fxn: maintain patency |
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Where can you find the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?
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1) upside down U shaped region in posterior nasal cavity in superior nasal fossa above the superior nasal concha and extends 1 cm onto nasal septum
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What is special about the mucosa of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?
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1) it contains 3 special cells: olfactory cells, support cells, basal cells
2)it has no muscularis mucosae and thus forms special layer with submucosa 3) it has psuedostratified epithelium with non mobile cilia |
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What are the important features of the olfactory cells?
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1) they are bipolar neurons
2) they have olfactory vesicle 3) they have non mobile cilia that extend |
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What is the olfactory vesicle?
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when the single dendrite of an olfactory cell projects to the surface it terminates in a swelling called the olfactory vesicle
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What are bowman's glands and how are they formed?
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1) bowman's glands are formed because the muscularis mucosa does is not present so a single CT layer is formed between the lamina propria and submucosa
-this single layer contains the bowmans glands which make watery secretions that help the olfactory cells get odorants |
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What is different about the mucosa of the larynx
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1) most areas are psuedostratified with cilia and goblet cells
2) psuedostratified moist in epiglottis and vocal chords 3) no muscularis mucosa or external elastic lamina so the submucosa is continous with the lamina propria |
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What is notable about the submocosa in the larynx?
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there are mixed mucous serous glands everywhere except the true vocal fold
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What is notable about the cartilage/bone layer of the larynx?
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-mostly hyaline on larger cartilages such as epiglottis, cricothyroid and thryroid
-smaller cartilages like epiglottis are elastic |
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How would you define the vocal apparatus?
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-two pairs of mucosal folds from lateral larynx
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What is special about the layers of the false vocal chords?
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-deepest layer of mucosa is absent so no elastic lamina or muscularis mucosae
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What is special about the true vocal chords?
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-different epithelium
-vocal ligament -vocalis muscle |
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Where is the vocal ligament located? What does it do
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-dense regular connective tissue at edge of vocal fold
-it keeps the true vocal fold taut |
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What is the purpose of the vocalis muscle and where is it located?
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-located under vocal fold
-skeletal muscle -alters shape of vocal fold to aid in phonation |
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What two structures in the respiratory structure can be considered as one because they are so similar?
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trachea and primary bronchi
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What is special about the mucosa in the trachea and primary bronchi?
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1) prominent basement membrane
2) prominent elastic lamina 3) psuedostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells and cilia |
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What is notable about the submucosa of the trachea and primary bronchi?
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-mixed glands still present
-highly vascularized |
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What is special about the cartilage/bone layer of the trachea and primary bronchi?
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-c shaped cartilage
-trachealis smooth muscle keeps tracheal rings open |
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What kind of muscle is the trachealis muscle?
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smooth
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Where in the respiratory system do you start to go intrapulmonary?
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primary bronchi
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How many secondary bronchi are there?
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3 secondary bronchi for the right lung
2 secondary bronchi for the left lung |
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What is special about the mucosa of the secondary bronchi?
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-it has muscularis mucosa
-its lamina propria has criscrossing, longitudinal elastic fibers |
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What is special about the cartilage/bone layer of the secondary bronchi?
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-plates of hyaline cartilage
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Is adventitia present in the secondary bronchi?
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yes
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Where does the greatest changes in histology occur in the respiratory system?
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walls of bronchioles
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What are the changes that occur in the bronchioles?
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glands
cartilage |
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What is the epithelium of the largest bronchioles vs smallest bronchioles?
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largest bronchioles - psuedostratified columnar
smallest bronchioles - simple columnar with cilia in terminal bronchus but no goblet cells |
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Where are clara cells present in?
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terminal bronchioles
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What are clara cells?
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they provide secretions that decrease the surface tension in the terminal bronchioles and help with inspiration
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What are the three physical characteristics of the clara cells?
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-dome shaped
-non ciliated -have granules |
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Where do goblet cells stop?
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in smallest bronchioles/terminal bronchioles
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What is special about the lamina propria of the bronchioles
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longitudinally arranged elastic fibers
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What is notable about the muscularis mucosae of the bronchioles?
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it is thickest relative to the wall thickness of all passageways
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What happens to the cartilage in the bronchioles?
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no more
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What happens to the submocosa and adventitia of the bronchioles?
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become one layer without bone or cartilage
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WHere is the muscularis mucosa thickest in the respiratory passage way ?
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bronchioles
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What is special about the respiratory bronchioles?
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-mucosa is a different
-alveoli bulge from their walls |
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What is different about the mucosa of the respiratory bronchioles?
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1) simple cuboidal epithelium with sparse cilia and clara cells
2) lamina propria has elastic fibers 3) muscularis mucosae is present |
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What is the relationship between the respiratory bronchiole and the alveoli that bulge off its wall?
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-lumen of the respiratory bronchi is continuous with the lumen of the alveoli
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What is the difference between the alveolar duct and the respiratory bronchiole?
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when there are so many alveoli bunching off of the respiratory bronchiole that there is little wall left you call it an alveolar duct
-alveolar duct is when the respiratory bronchiole is reduced to rings |
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What is important to note about the wall of the alveolar duct?
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-simple cuboidal epithelium
-elastic fibers and smooth muscle present and form knobs -alveoli bunch off of those knobs |
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How would you define alveolar sacs?
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-two or more alveoli bulging off a single pair of knobs
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What is not present in alveolar sacs?
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-wall of cuboidal cells
-smooth muscle |
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What is the approximate diameter of the alveoli?
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200 microns
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What are the two components of the intraalveolar septum?
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1)CT core
2) epithelium lining alveolus 3) alveolar macrophages 4) alveolar pores |
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What is in the CT core of the intralveolar septum?
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1) MOSTLY elastic fibers
2) alveolar macrophages 3) extensive capillary network 4) fibroblasts |
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What forms more than 80% of the alveolar surface?
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capillaries
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What are the two cells you can find in the epithelium covering of the intraalveolar septum?
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1) type i cells
2) type ii cells |
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What is the type I cell?
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pulmonary epithelial cell - simple squamous epithelium
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how prevalent is the type i cell?
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lines 95% of alveolar surface area
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What are the functions of the type II cell?
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1) regenerate type I and type II cells
2) make surfactant |
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What are the physical features of the type ii cell?
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1) microvilli
2) contains vaculoues of lamellar bodies containing phospholipids, GAGS, protein 3) well developed golgi, RER, mitochondria |
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What are the physical properties of surfactant (3)?
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-in extracellular fluid
-monomolecular suraface film of phospholipids that covers underlying aqueous hypophase |
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What are the functions of surfactant (3)?
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-decrease surface tension of alveoli
-help open alveoli inspiration -help prevent collapse of alveoli in expiration |
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Where are the alveolar marcophages?
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in surfactant layer
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What happens to the alveolar macrophages in congestive heart failure?
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RBS pass into surfactant layer and are phagocytized. when this happens these marcophages are called heart failure cells
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What are the two purposes of the Kohn's pores?
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-opening in intraalveolar septa to equalize pressure between alveoli
-transfer bacteria between alveoli :( |
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What are the 8 things you can find in the intraalveolar septum?
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1) type I cell - pulmonary cell
2) type II cell 3) endothelial cell of capillary 4) alveolar macrophage 5) fibroblast 6) blood air barrier which is type I cell + endothelial cell which have fused basal lamina 7)surface film of surfactant 8)hypophase of surfactant |
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What forms the air-blood barrier?
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1)pulmonary epithelial cella nd its basal lamina
2) capillary endothelial cella nd its basal lamina |
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What is the function of the air blood barrier?
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-differnetiate the alveolar space from the capillary lumen
-place for blood gas exchange |
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What forms the pleura?
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mesotheilium + connective tissue
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What is the function of the pluera?
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lubrication
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What is the difference between the pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins?
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-how close they travel to the respiratory passage ways
-if they carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood |
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What is the situation of the pulmonary arteries?
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they carry deoxygented blood to the alveoli following the pathway of the respiratory tree
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WHa tis the situation of the pulmonary capillaries?
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they are in the intraalveolar septum and coalesce to form the pulmonary veins
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What is the situation of the pulmonary veins?
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they travel away from the respiratory chain and carry oxygenated blood
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What is the bronchial circulation?
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oxygenated blood and nutrients to the tissue layers
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What is the difference between the pulmonary artery and bronchial arteries in terms of their wall size?
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pulmonary arteries wall size is similar to the neighboring respiratory passageway where as bronchial circulation is much smaller
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What happens with chronic bronchitis/ smokers cough?
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1)metaplasia--> statified sqamous moist epithelium with no cilia
2) increase in mucous secretions/glands with no way to clear them |
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What happens in senile emphysema?
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elastic fibers are lose elasticiity and alveoli lose recoil
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What happens in asthma?
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hypertrophy in smooth muscle --> decrease diameter of respiratory passageways
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What happens in pneumonia or congestive heart failure?
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-pulmonary edema --> fliud filled alveolar spaces
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What happens in pluerisy?
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adhesias between visceral and parietal layers
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How do you differentiate trachea from nasal cavity
from secondary bronchi using histology? |
1) nasal cavity - no muscularis mucosae
2) trachea - elastic lamina in lamina propria 3) secondary bronchi - muscularis mucosae in lamina propria |
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How do you seperate a secondary bronchus from a bronchiole?
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secondary bronchus has cartilage plates
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What marks the transition from a terminal bronchiole to respiratory bronchiole?
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-lack of cilia in respiratory bronchiole
-simple columnar epithelium in terminal bronchiole, simple cuboidal epithelium in respiratory bronchiole |
