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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bronchoscopy
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Direct Examination of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi using an endoscope
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Cilia
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Short hairs that provide a constant whipping motion that serves to propel mucus and foreign substances away from the lung toward the larynx
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Crackles
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Soft, high pitched, discon-tinuous popping sounds during inspiration caused by delayed reopening of the airways
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Diffusion
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exchange of glass molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration
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DYSPNEA
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labored breathing or shortness of breath
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Hemoptysis
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expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract
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Hypoxemia
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decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood
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Hypoxia
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decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells
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Orthopnea
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inability to breath easily except in an upright position
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Physiological Dead Space
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portion of the tracheo-bronchial tree that does not participate in gas exchange
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Pulmonary Perfusion
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blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature
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Respiration
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gas exchange between atmospheric air and the blood and between blood and the cells of the body
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Ventilation
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movement of air in and out of airways
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Wheezes
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continuous musical sounds associated with airway narrowing or partial obstruction
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Alaryngeal Communication
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alternative modes of speaking that do not involve the normal larynx; used by patiens whose larynx has been surgically removed
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alaryngeal communication
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alternative modes of thinking that do not involve the normal larynx; used by patients whose larynx has been surgically removed
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aphonia
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impaired ability to use one's voice due to disease or injury to the larynx
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apnea
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cessation of breathing
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dysphagia
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difficulties in swallowing
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epistaxis
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hemorrhage from the nose due to rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose
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Laryngitis
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inflammation of the larynx, ay be caused by voice abuse, exposure to irritants, or infectious organisms
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nuchal rigidity
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stiffness of the neck or inability to bend the neck
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Pharyngitis
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inflammation of the throat; usually viral or bacterial in origin
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Rhinitis
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inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose; may be infectious, allergic, or inflammatory in origin
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rhinorrhea
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drainage of a large amount of fluid from the nose
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Sinusitis
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inflammation of the sinuses
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submucosal resection
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surgical procedure to correct nasal obstruction due to deviated septum; septoplasty
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xerostomia
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dryness of the mouth from a variety of causes
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acute lung injury (ALI)
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an umbrella term for hypoxemic, respitatory failure; ARDS is a severe form of ALI
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acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
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nonspecific pulmonary response to a variety of pulmonary and non pulmonary insults to the lung; characterized by interstitial infiltrates, alveolar hemorrhage, atelectasis, decreased compliance, and refractory hypoxemia
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atelactasis
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collapse or airless condition of the alveoli caused by hypoventilation, obsruction to the airways, or compression
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central cyanosis
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bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to hemoglobin carrying reduced amounts of oxygen
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consolidation
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lung tissue that has become more solid in naturedue to colapse of alveoli or infectious process (pneumonia)
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cor pulmonale
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"heart of the lungs" enlaregment of the right ventriclefrom hypertrophy or dilation or as a secondary response to disorders that effect the lungs
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empyema
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accumulation of purulent material in the pleural space
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hemothorax
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partial or complete collapse of the lung due to blood accumulating in the pleural space; may occur after surgery or trauma
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induration
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an abnormally hard lesion or reaction, as in a positive tuberculin skin test
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orthopnea
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shortness of breath when reclining or in the supine position
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pleural effusion
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
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pleural friction rub
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localized grating or creaking sound caused by the rubbing together of inflamed parietal and visceral pleura
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pneumothorax
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partial or complete collapse of the lung due to posiive pressure in the pleural space
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pulmonary edema
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increase in the amount of extravascular fluid in the lung
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pulmonary embolism
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obsruction of the pulmonary vasculature with an embolus; embolus may be due to blood clot, air bubbles or fat droplets
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restrictive lung disease
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disease of the lung that causes a decrease in lung volumes
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tension pneumothorax
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pneumo charecterized by
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pneumothorax
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partial or complete collapse of the lung due to posiive pressure in the pleural space
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pulmonary edema
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increase in the amount of extravascular fluid in the lung
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pulmonary embolism
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obsruction of the pulmonary vasculature with an embolus; embolus may be due to blood clot, air bubbles or fat droplets
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restrictive lung disease
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disease of the lung that causes a decrease in lung volumes
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tension pneumothorax
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pneumo charecterized by increasing positive pressure in the pleural space with each breath; this an emergency situation and the positive pressure needs to be decompressed or released immediately
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thoracentisis
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insertion of a needle into the pleural space to remove fluid that has accumulated and decrease the pressure on the lung tissue; may also be used diagnostically to identify poential causes of a pleural effusion
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ventilation-perfusion ratio
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the ratio between ventilation and perfusion in the lung; maching of ventilation to perfusion optimizes gas exchange
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air trapping
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incomplete emptying of alveoli during expiration due to loss of lung tissue elasticity (emphysema), bronchospasm (asthma), or airway obstruction
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alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
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genetic disorder resulting from a deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin, a protective agent for the lung; increases patient's risk for developing panacinar emphysema even in the absence of smoking
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asthma
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a disease with multiple precipitating mechanisms resulting in a common clinical outcome of reversible airflow obstruction; no longer considered a category of COPD
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bronchiectasis
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chronic dilation of a bronchus
the dilated airways become saccular and are a medium for chronic infection, no linger considerd a category for COPD |
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bronchitis
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a disease of the airways defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least a combine d total of three months in each of two consecutive years, a category of COPD
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COPD
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diseas state characterized by airflow limitaion that is no fully reversible; sometimes reffered to as chronic obstruction
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emphysema
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a disease of the airways characterized by destruction of the walls of overdistended alveoli; a category of COPD
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polycythemia
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increase in the red blood cell
concentration in the blood; in COPD, the body attempts to improve oxygen carrying capacity by producing increasing amounts of red blood cells |