Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the most common causative agents for retropharyngeal abscesses?
|
1. staph aureus
2. beta hemolytic strep 3. bartonella henslea 4. bacteroides |
|
|
What type of aspergillus causes a majority of human infection?
|
Aspergillus fumigatus
|
|
|
If you see acute angle hyphae branching on microscopic examination of a specimen, what is the likely culprit?
|
aspergillus
|
|
|
What is the most common benign lung tumor?
|
hamartoma
|
|
|
What common agent for otitis media and sinusitis needs Factor X and V in culture?
|
H. influenzae
|
|
|
What is the most common agent causing bacterial otitis externa?
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
What is a cholesteotoma?
|
-a benign tumor of the middle ear
-ectopic squamous tissue -releases proteolytic enzymes that can degrade bone |
|
|
What are the common symptoms with Meniere's disease?
|
1. tinnitus
2. vertigo 3. hearing loss |
|
|
If someone came into your clinic and had stridor due to an obstruction, where would the obstruction most likely be?
|
upper airway obstruction
|
|
|
If someone came into your clinic and had aphonia due to an obstruction, where would the obstruction most likely be?
|
upper airway obstruction
|
|
|
If someone came into your clinic and had wheezing due to an obstruction, where would the obstruction most likely be?
|
incomplete lower airway obstruction
|
|
|
What sinuses are present at birth?
|
ethmoid and maxillary (but maxillary not pneumatized until 4 years old)
|
|
|
What do the sphenoid sinuses form?
|
5 years old
|
|
|
When do the frontal sinuses form?
|
They begin developing around 7-8 years old and are completely developed by about 11-12.
|
|
|
What is the most sensitive indicator of infectious pneumonia in infants?
|
tachypnea
|
|
|
When would you use a mringotomy or a tympanocentesis for ACUTE otitis media?
|
1. if there are systemic symptoms
2. if there is unremitting pain |
|
|
A 1 1/2 year old has had 8 months of continuous unilateral otitis media with effusion, according to guidelines should he/she get a tympanostomy?
|
no, for unilateral it needs to be 9-18 months continuous
for bilateral it should be 6-12 months continuous |
|
|
What is the "3 strikes rule"?
|
it is to determine whether asthma is not well-controlled
1. if get more than 3 refills of rescue inhaler in 1 year 2. if awakens at night (due to asthma) more than 3 nights per month 3. if asthma symptoms require quick-relief med more than 3 days per week |
|
|
What are risk factor s for higher morbidity and mortality in MVAs and blunt chest trauma?
|
1. increased age
2. multiple rib fractures 3. higher injury severity scores |
|
|
What are the major clinical signs/symptoms indicating pericardial tamponade?
|
BECK'S TRIAD
1. hypotension 2. muffled breath sounds 3. distended neck veins |
|
|
What are the main anterior mediastinal tumors?
|
1. thymoma
2. terrible lympohoma 3. thyroid (enlarged) 4. teratoma |
|
|
What are major risk factors for development of lung cancer?
|
1. smoking
2. 2nd hand smoke 3. HIV 4. previous TB 5. COPD 6. pulmonary fibrosis 7. environmental or occupational exposure 8. radiation therapy |
|
|
What is an important organism that can cause superinfection and pseudomembranous colitis?
|
clostridium difficile
|
|
|
What is a major orally effective combination of an antibiotic and a beta-lactamase inhibitor?
|
amoxicillin and clavulanic acid
|
|
|
Which antibiotics are most associated with superinfections?
|
penicillins and antipseudomonal penicillins (more likely)
|
|
|
Which type of antibiotic has the potential for sodium overload?
|
antipseudomonal penicillins
|
|
|
Which antibiotic has the potential to cause pseudomembranous collitis?
|
2nd generation cephalosporins
|
|
|
What is the drug of choice for MRSA?
|
vancomycin (also the DOC for enterococci)
|
|
|
In which type of pneumothorax would there be a shifted mediastinum and a depressed hemidiaphragm on the side of the collapsed lung?
|
tension pneumothorax
|
|
|
What is a common cause of pneumonia in the posterior upper lobes?
|
aspiration pneumonia (due to aspiration in the supine position)
|
|
|
What is a common cause of pneumonia in the middle lobes?
|
mycoplasma pneumococcal
|
|
|
What is a common cause of pneumonia in the apical-posterior segments?
|
reactivation TB
|
|
|
What is the common cause of pneumonia if you see expansion or bowing of fissures?
|
Klebsiella
|
|
|
What the the common cause of pneumonia if it is spreading rapidly and/or has abscesses?
|
staphylococcus
|
|
|
At what ASA classification is activity limited?
|
starting at ASA 3 (FYI--these are anesthesiology physical classifications)
|
|
|
What does succinylcholine do?
|
it is a depolarizing muscle relaxant that released K from cells
|
|
|
What is the treatment for malignant hyperthermia?
|
1. Dantrolene!!
2. avoid triggers 3. hyperventilation with oxygen 4. active cooling 5. sodium bicarbinate 6. induce diuresis with IV fluids and diuretics |
|
|
What are the "magic numbers" for fetal development?
|
23 weeks= the fetus is considered viable
34 weeks= the fetus will likely have sufficient surfactant |
|
|
What are the "protective scavengers" which adults have and babies don't?
|
*they help to fight off free radicals
1. superoxide dismutase 2. catalase 3. peroxidase |
|
|
What kind of diet will produce less carbon dioxide?
|
a diet high in fat
|
|
|
Which is caused by blocked air supply--atelectasis or dead space?
|
atelectasis
(dead space is caused by a blocked blood supply) |
|
|
What is the good of the functional residual volume?
|
1. prevents atelectasis
2. opening volume 3. oxygen for continuous use 4. best compliance 5. lowest PVR |
|
|
What are the 3 organs with preferred circulation in fetal circulation/
|
1st--liver
2nd--heart 3rd--brain |
|
|
What does cortisol have to do with surfactant?
|
It stimulates 11 reductase, epidural growth factor, and fibroblast pneumocyte factor--which all stimulate Type 2 pneumocytes to make surfactant.
|
|
|
What is the treatment for neonatal herpes?
|
acyclovir
|
|
|
How does RSV cause apnea?
|
It activates the stretch of the J receptor (which tells the lungs to stop stretching/stop inhalation)
|
|
|
Where is the most likely site of occurrence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia?
|
Foramen of Bochdalek (posterior)
|
|
|
What are the most common agents causing peritonsilar abscesses in children?
|
strep and anaerobic infections
|
|
|
What are signs/symptoms of retropharyngeal abscess in children and what are the normal agents?
|
-caused by staph/strep/anaerobes
-sore throat -no pus on tonsils -lymph nodes become necrotic and fill with pus |
|
|
What is the treatment for viral croup?
|
time racemic epinephrine
|
|
|
With a foreign body aspiration, is the heart pulled away or towards the side of aspiration? Is the diaphragm up or down on the side of aspiration?
|
Heart towards side of aspiration
Diaphram up on side of aspiration |
|
|
What are the most common agents causing retropharyngeal abscesses?
|
S. aureus, beta-hemolytic strep, bartonella hensla, bacteroides
|
|
|
What is a common paraneoplastic syndrome for NSCLC adenocarcinoma?
|
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
|
|
|
What is a common paraneoplastic syndrome for NSCLC squamous cell?
|
hypercalcemia
|
|
|
What is a common paraneoplastic syndrome for NSCLC other (large/clear cell?)
|
HCG overproduction
|
|
|
What is the most common agent causing herpangina and Hand, Foot, and Mouth disease?
|
enterovirus (coxsackie)
|
|
|
What are paraneoplastic syndromes that can be caused by SCLC?
|
1. Lambert-Eaton syndrome
2. syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH 3. syndrome of ectopic production of ACTH |
|
|
Periorbital cellulitis can be a complication of what?
|
sinusitis
|
|
|
What lung problem can cause right lower abdominal pain, that mimics appendicitis?
|
bacterial pneumonia
|
|
|
What is the DOC for treating ESBLs?
|
Carbapenems
|
|
|
What are the more common infectious reasons for infant apnea and why do they cause this?
|
1. RSV (stretches the J receptor)
2. pertussis (because of its CNS toxin) |
|
|
hypoventilation and upper airway obstruction can cause cor pulmonale
|
***
|
|
|
Where is the most likely site of occurrence of a posterior congenital diaphragmatic hernia? What about an anterior one?
|
Foramen of Bochdalek (posterior)
Foramen of Morgagni (anterior) **these hernias are on left side 85% of the time |
|
|
What are the most common causes of peritonisllar abscesses?
|
strep (Group A) and anaerobic infections
|
|
|
How do you differentiate between foreign body aspiration and pneumonia on x-ray?
|
FB aspiration= heart and diaphragm towards side of aspiration
pneumonia= heart and diaphragm away from side of aspiration |
|
|
What are the most common agents that affect kids with cystic fibrosis?
|
1. staph
2. strep 3. aspergillus |
|
|
What is a type of pneumonia that often occurs in the apical-posterior segments?
|
reactivation TB
|
|
|
What's the common agent for a pneumonia that causes expansion or bowing of fissures?
|
klebsiella
|
|
|
What's a common agent of pneumonia that has rapid spread and causes empyema?
|
staph
|
|
|
What are the basic goals of anesthesia?
|
5 A's
1. awareness 2. amnesia 3. appropriate surgical conditions 4. autonomic stability 5. analgesia |
