Respiratory - Embryology

Front 1

Lung development occurs in _____ stages during week _____ of development

Back 1

Five stages

Week 4

Begins with formation of lung bud from distal end of respiratory

Front 2

Mnemonic

Every pulmonologist can see alveoli

Back 2

Every - embryonic (weeks 4-7)

Pulmonologist - Pseudoglandular (5-17)

Can - canalicular (16-25)

See - saccular (24 - brith)

Alveoli - alveolar (week 36 - 8yrs)

Front 3

Error at embryonic stage of lung development can lead to

Back 3

Tracheoesophageal fistula

Front 4

Error at which stage of lung development makes respiration impossible, incompatible with life?

Back 4

Pseudoglandular

Front 5

Pneumocytes start developing at ____weeks & respiration is capable at week ____.

Back 5

20 weeks

25 weeks

Front 6

Blockage of posterior nasal opening is called _____

& When does this worsen and improve?

Back 6

Choanal atresia

worsens during feeding and improves with crying

Front 7

How is choanal atresia diagnosed & confirmed?

Back 7

Diagnosed by failure to pass nasopharyngeal tube and confirmed with CT scan.

Front 8

Choanal atresia is Often part of multiple malformation syndromes, such as CHARGE syndrome

Back 8

C - coloboma of eye

H - heart defects

A - atresia of choanae

R - restricted growth & development

G - genitourinary defects

E - ear defects

Front 9

Pulmonary hypoplasia is associated with

Back 9

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (usually left)

Bilateral renal agenesis (potter sequence)

Front 10

Nonciliated; low columnar/cuboidal with secretory granules. Located in bronchioles are called?

Back 10

Club cells

Front 11

Application of Law of ______ in alveoli–alveoli have increased tendency to collapse on expiration as radius decreases

Back 11

Laplace

Hint 11

Front 12

Surfactant is composed of multiple lecithins mainly _____

Back 12

DPPC ( dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine )

Hint 12

Synthesis begins ~20 weeks of gestation and achieves mature levels ~35 weeks of gestation.

Front 13

_______ are important for fetal surfactant synthesis and lung development

Back 13

Glucocorticoids

Front 14

How do lung fields appear on Xray in Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Back 14

Ground glass appearance

(Surfactant deficiency)

Front 15

What are the risk factors for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

Back 15

prematurity

diabetes during pregnancy

C - section delivery

Hint 15

diabetes during pregnancy (due to fetal insulin), C-section delivery ( release of fetal glucocorticoids; less stressful than vaginal delivery).

Front 16

How can we treat Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

Back 16

maternal glucocorticoids before birth

exogenous surfactant for infant.

Front 17

What are the screening tests for fetal lung maturity?

Back 17

lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in amniotic fluid (≥ 2 is healthy; < 1.5 predictive of NRDS), foam stability index, surfactant-albumin ratio.

Front 18

Therapeutic supplemental O2 In NRDS can result in RIB)

Back 18

Retinopathy of prematurity, Intraventricular hemorrhage, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Front 19

Function of club cells

Back 19

Degrade toxins via cytochrome P-450; secrete component of surfactant; progenitor cells for club and ciliated cells.

Front 20

Alveolar cell types diagram

Back 20

Functions of tyor

Front 21

Functions of type II pneumocytes

Back 21

1. Serve as stem cell precursors for 2 cell types

2. Secrete surfactant from lamellar bodies

Front 22

anatomical communications between alveoli that allow for passing of air, fluid, phagocytes, and bacteria (in pneumonia) are called?

Back 22

Pores of kohn