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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Asphyxia definition?
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anything that decreases oxygen in the blood
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Asphyxia causes?
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cardiopulmonary diseases, obstruction, carbon monoxide poisoning, & narcotic overdose
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Asphyxia Manifestations?
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anxiety, agitation, confusion, altered resp rate, decreased breath sounds, and central and/or peripheral cyanosis (cherry-red mucous membranes in late stage carbon monoxide poisoning)
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Asphyxia Test Results?
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ABG: decreased PaO2 (<60) & increased PaCO2 (>50)
Pulse Ox: decreased Hgb saturation w/ oxygen |
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Asphyxia Treatments
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Bronchoscopy, O2 therapy or mechanical ventilation, narcotic antagonist (Narcan)
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Asphyxia Interventions
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Assess cardiac & resp status; position upright (if tolerated); suction prn; encourage deep breathing
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Atelectasis definition?
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Collapse of alveoli
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Atelectasis Manifestations?
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diminished breath sounds and dyspnea. Severe cases: anxiety, cyanosis, diaphoresis, severe dyspnea, substernal/intercostal retractions, and tachycardia
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Atelectasis Test Results?
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CXR show horizontal lines, in the lower lung zones, with segmental/lobar collapse
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Atelectasis Treatments?
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**Prevention Is Important** bronchoscopy, chest physiotherapy, bronchodilators (proventil), mucolytic inhalation therapy (mucomyst)
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Atelectasis Interventions?
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turn, cough, deep breathe q1-2h; hold pillow over incision;
reposition often; help ambulate; adm adequate analgesics; |
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Atelectasis Interventions Cont?
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incentive spirometer q1-2h; humidify air; encourage adequate fluid intake; postural drainage/chest percussion; assess breath sounds/ventilatory status
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Legionnaire's Disease definition?
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acute bacterial pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophilia. Inflammation that begins in the bronchioles
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Legionnaire Manifestations?
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cough, very high fever, generalized weakness, malaise, recurrent chills
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Legionnaire origin?
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American Legion convention in Philly July 1976 (182 infected/29 died)
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Legionnaire Test Results?
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CXR, direct immunofluorescence, indirect fluorescent serum antibody test, convalescent serum sample
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Legionnaire Treatments?
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antibiotics, antipyretics, dialysys (if renal failure occurs)
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Legionnaire Interventions?
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Resp status, VS, pulse ox, ABGs, s/sx of shock, replace fluid/electrolyte prn, resp support prn
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Lung Cancer?
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pulmonary malignancy
small cell cancer (oat cell) non-small cell (squamous, adenocarcinoma, & large cell carcinoma) |
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Lung Cancer Causes?
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inhalation of carcenogenic agents (eg: smoking)
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Lung Cancer Manifestations?
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cough, dyspnea, purulent or blood streaked sputum, chest pain, wt loss, anorexia, wheexing, & fatigue
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Lung Cancer Test Results?
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CXR: lesions/mass; broncoscopy, lung scan, biopsy, sputum
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Lung Cancer Treatments?
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radiation, surgery, chemo, diuretics
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Lung Cancer Interventions?
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pain control (PRIORITY!!), suction, T C DB, and monitor bleeding, infection, & F&E balance
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Pneumonia definition?
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acute inflammation of lungs;
community or hospital acquired (bacterial, viral, parasitic, fungal) |
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Pneumonia Causes?
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E. coli, H. influenza, Staph aureas, Strep pneumoniae, Psudomonas, aspiration of substance, chemical irritants
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Pneumonia Manifestations?
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increases alveolar fluid, infection, ventilation decreases as secretions thicken
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Pneumonia Manifestations Cont?
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chills, fever, crackles, rhonchi, pleural rub/pain, malaise, restless, confused, SOB, tachypnea, accessory muscles used, sputum (rusty, green, and/or bloody)
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Pneumonia Test Results?
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ABG (hypoxemia, respacidosis), CXR, CBC (elevated WBC-bacterial), ESR (elevated due to inflammation), sputum specimen (id organism)
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Pneumonia Implementation?
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chest physiotherapy, high calorie/protein diet, force fluids, intubation or ventialtion, antibiotics, antipyretics, bronchodilators (alupent, proventil)
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Pneumonia Pt Education?
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s/sx of resp infection & when to seek medical help; avoid exposure to infectious people; increase fluid intake to 3000/mL (unless contraindicted)
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Pleural Effusion definition?
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collection of fluid in pleural space (any condition intering w/ secretion or drainage of this fluid)
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Pleural Effusion Manifestation?
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pleuritic pain (sharp), DOE, decreased breath sounds, dry non-productive cough, tachycardia, elevated temp
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Pleural Effusion Test Results
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CXR shows effusion & mediastinal shift away from fluid
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Pleural Effusion Implemetation?
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id/tx underlying cause, monitor breath sounds, high Fowler's, T C DB, prepare for thoracentesis,pleurectomy, or pleurodesis
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Pleurectomy definition?
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surgical stripping of parietal pleura from visceral pleura (causes inflammatory reaction that promotes adhesion formation between them)
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Pleurodesis definition?
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installing sclerosing substance into pleural space via thorocotomy tube (causes tissues to fuse)
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Empyema definition?
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accumulation of pus w/in pleural cavity causing thick, opaque, foul-smelling fluid.
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Empyema Causes?
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pulmonary infection and/or lung abscess (common causes)
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Empyema Treatment?
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emptying empyema cavity; reexpanding lung; controlling infection
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Empyema Manifestations?
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(recent illness or trauma), chest pain, decreased chest wall movement (effected side), cough, dyspnea, anorexia, wt loss, malaise, pleural exudate (CXR), elevated temp, chills, nite sweats
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Empyema Implementation?
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monitor breath sounds, semi or high Fowler's, T C DB, antibiotics, splint chest prn, chest tube, surgery
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Pleurisy definition?
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inflammation of the visceral and/or parietal membranes
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Pleurisy Manifestations?
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knife-like pain aggravated w/ DB & C (no pain holding breath), dyspnea, pleural rub, apprehension
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Pleurisy Causes?
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pulmonary infarction, pneumonia, URI, TB, CA
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Pleurisy Implementations?
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id/tx cause, monitor lung sounds, adm analgesics/nerve blocks, hot/cold applications as Rx, T C DB, lie on affected side to splint chest, adm NSAID (Indocin)
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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning definition?
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binding of carbon monoxide to hemoglobin, displacing oxygen from RBCs
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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Causes?
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inhalation of the colorless, odorless, tasteless gas.
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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Implementations?
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**Prevention is Priority**
remove from exposure; adm oxygen; assess for BLS; monitor VS; monitor carbon monoxide levels |
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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Manifestations?
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impaired visual acuity, flushing, N/V, impaired dexterity, dizziness, syncope, tachypnea, tachycardia, coma, death
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Histoplasmosis definition?
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pulomonary fungal infection caused by inhalation of Histoplasma capsulatum spores (found in soil contaminated by bird poop)
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Histoplamosis Manifestations?
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dyspnea, chills, fever, chest pain, pulmonary infiltrates (CXR), elevated WBC, positive skin and agglutination tests, splenomegaly &/or hepatomegaly
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Histoplamosis Implementations?
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adm oxygen, antiemetics, antihistamines, antipyretics, corticosteroids, & fungicidal meds as Rx; monitor breath sounds, T C DB, VS, monitor nephrotoxicity from fungal meds
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Histoplasmosis Pt Education?
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avoid infected areas, wear masks, hose down areas before sweeping barns or chicken coups.
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Sarcoidosis definition?
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chronic disorder characterized by epitheloid cell tubercles in lungs, spleen, liver, skin, lymph glands & eyes.
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Sarcoidosis Cause?
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UNKNOWN
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Sarcoidosis Manifestations?
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nite sweats, fever, wt loss, cough, dyspnea, skin nodules, polyarthritis, (higher in blacks & young adults)
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Sarcoidosis Test Results?
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high titler of Epstein-Barr virus, Kviem test (causes local nodular lesion in about 1 month
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Sarcoidosis Implementations?
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adm corticosteroids, monitor temp, increase fluid intake, provide frequent rest periods, encourage small nutritious meals
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Occupational Lung Disease (silicosis, asbestosis, black lung, etc)
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group of abnormal lung conditions caused by inhalation of dusts, fumes, gases, or vapors in work environment.
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Pleurisy Implementations?
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id/tx cause, monitor lung sounds, adm analgesics/nerve blocks, hot/cold applications as Rx, T C DB, lie on affected side to splint chest, adm NSAID (Indocin)
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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning definition?
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binding of carbon monoxide to hemoglobin, displacing oxygen from RBCs
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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Causes?
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inhalation of the colorless, odorless, tasteless gas.
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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Implementations?
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**Prevention is Priority**
remove from exposure; adm oxygen; assess for BLS; monitor VS; monitor carbon monoxide levels |
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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Manifestations?
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impaired visual acuity, flushing, N/V, impaired dexterity, dizziness, syncope, tachypnea, tachycardia, coma, death
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Histoplasmosis definition?
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pulomonary fungal infection caused by inhalation of Histoplasma capsulatum spores (found in soil contaminated by bird poop)
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Histoplamosis Manifestations?
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dyspnea, chills, fever, chest pain, pulmonary infiltrates (CXR), elevated WBC, positive skin and agglutination tests, splenomegaly &/or hepatomegaly
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Histoplamosis Implementations?
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adm oxygen, antiemetics, antihistamines, antipyretics, corticosteroids, & fungicidal meds as Rx; monitor breath sounds, T C DB, VS, monitor nephrotoxicity from fungal meds
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Histoplasmosis Pt Education?
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avoid infected areas, wear masks, hose down areas before sweeping barns or chicken coups.
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Sarcoidosis definition?
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chronic disorder characterized by epitheloid cell tubercles in lungs, spleen, liver, skin, lymph glands & eyes.
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Sarcoidosis Cause?
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UNKNOWN
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Sarcoidosis Manifestations?
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nite sweats, fever, wt loss, cough, dyspnea, skin nodules, polyarthritis, (higher in blacks & young adults)
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Sarcoidosis Test Results?
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high titler of Epstein-Barr virus, Kviem test (causes local nodular lesion in about 1 month
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Sarcoidosis Implementations?
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adm corticosteroids, monitor temp, increase fluid intake, provide frequent rest periods, encourage small nutritious meals
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Occupational Lung Disease (silicosis, asbestosis, black lung, etc)
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group of abnormal lung conditions caused by inhalation of dusts, fumes, gases, or vapors in work environment.
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Silicosis Assessment?
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freq resp infections, blood-streaked sputum, dry cough, DOE (usually 1st symptom), chest pain
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Silicosis Test Results?
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CXR: nodular lesions of lungs ground glass appearance
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Silicosis Implementation?
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adm antitussive, antibiotics, TB meds, & oxygen as Rx; eliminate toxic substances, encourage C DB, chest physiotherapy & increase fluids (3000mL/d)
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Tuberculosis definition?
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highly communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (affects mainly pulmonary system)
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Tuberculosis?
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**bacteria is heat & UV sensitive
**can affect brain, intestines, peritonium, kidneys, joints, & liver |
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Tuberculosis Manifestations?
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pneumonitis, granulomas in lung tissue, insidious onset, MDR-TB is result of noncompliance
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Tuberculosis Treatments?
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prevention
control symptoms prevent progression (Military TB) |
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Tuberculosis Risk Factors?
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alcoholism, IV drug use, malnutrition (kids<5), infection, ederly, poor, homeless, minority groups, refugees
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Tuberculosis Risk Factors Cont?
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long-term & mental health facilities, prisons, freq contract w/ untreated or undiagnosed people, HIV (TB #1 COD) or immunosuppressed
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Bovine TB Risks?
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Risk of developing if drinking unpateurized milk if cow is infected
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Tuberculosis Transmission?
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airborne by droplet
**early id, dx, & tx important** |
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Tuberculosis Test Results?
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TB skin test or CXR
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Tuberculosis Disease Progression?
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droplet in lungs forms tubercle lesion, which body encapsulates-forming scar. If not encapsulated-TB can travel to lymph system/nodes
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Tuberculosis Disease Progression Cont?
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causes granulomatous inflammation in lymph. Primary lesions form, can be doemant-but secondary infection occurs when reactivated
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Tuberculosis Disease Manifestations Cont?
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If active-causes necrosis & cavitation in lesions. Leads to rupture & spread of necrotic tissue & damage to body parts
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Tuberculosis Assessment?
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exposure; recent foreign travel; hx of flu, pneumonia, febrile illness, cough, foul- smelling sputum; previous TB tests results
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Tuberculosis Symptoms?
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aymptomatic, fatigue, lethary, anorexia, wt loss, fever, chills, nite sweats, persistant cough, blood- streaked sputum, chest tightness or pain
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Tuberculosis Assessment Cont?
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chest assessment
sputum cultures Mantoux test **monitor BUN & creatinine labs |
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Tuberculosis Meds
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**Given for 6-12 mos**
Isoniazid Rifampin Rifabutin **Give medc w/ VitB-prevents neuropathy |
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Tuberculosis Meds Cont
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INH given for 6-12 mos for people who live w/ infected or exposed
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Resp Acidosis Manifestations?
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headache, dyspnea, tremors, tachycardia, HTN, vasodilation
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Resp Acidosis Test Results?
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PaCO2 > 45
pH < 7.35 |
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Resp Acidosis Interventions?
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id & tx cause, removed airway obstructions, mechanical ventilation, oxygen therapy, IV bronchodilators, IV sodium bicarbonate
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Resp Alkalosis Manifestations?
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deep-rapid-high rate breathing,light headedness,dizziness, peripheral paresthesia, tingling, muscle weakness, tetany, arrhythmias.
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Resp Alkalosis Test Results?
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PaCO2 < 35
pH > 7.45 |
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Resp Alkalosis Interventions?
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id & tx cause, paper bag breathing, sedatives
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