Respiratory And Cardiovascular Disorders

Front 1

Upper Airway

Back 1

Consists of the nose, sinuses, turbinates, pharynx, and larynx.

Front 2

The lower airway

Back 2

consists of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and alveoli

Hint 2

Accessory structures include the diaphragm, rib cage, sternum, spine, muscles, and blood vessels.

Front 3

Respiration

Back 3

to exchange oxygen and CO2 between the atmospheric air and the blood and between the blood and the cells.

Front 4

Ventilation

Back 4

is the actual movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract. Air must reach the alveoli for gas exchange

Hint 4

this process requires a patent airway and intact and functioning respiratory muscles. Pressure gradients between atmospheric air and the alveoli enable ventilation. Air flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

Front 5

Diffusion

Back 5

is the exchange of 02 and Co2 through the alveolar-capillary membrane. Concentration gradients determine the direction of diffusion.

Front 6

Perfusion

Back 6

Flow of blood in the pulmonary circulation., ie. two methods are bronchial and pulmonary circulation.

Front 7

Distribution

Back 7

Delivery of atmospheric air to the separate gas exchange units in the lungs.

Front 8

Hering-
Breur reflex

Back 8

Stretch receptors located in the alveoli are activated during inspiration, so that inspiration is inhibited and lungs are not overdistended.

Front 9

proprioceptors

Back 9

Exercise stimulates breathing. Movement activates proprioceprs located in the muscles and joints and increases ventilation.

Front 10

Baroreceptors

Back 10

These receptors in the aortic and carotid bodies respond to changes in arterial blood pressure. elevated arterial BP causes a reflex hypoventilation; lowered BP causes a reflex hyperventilation.

Front 11

respiratory acidosis

Back 11

Kidneys retain more HCO3 to raise the ph

Front 12

respiratory alkalosis

Back 12

kidneys excrete more HCO3 to lower ph

Front 13

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

Back 13

lungs blow off CO2 to raise PH

Front 14

Metabolic alkalosis

Back 14

lungs retain co2 to lower ph

Front 15

hypoxia

Back 15

Decreased oxygen in inspired air

Front 16

hypoxemai

Back 16

decreased oxygen in the blood

Front 17

Hypercapnia

Back 17

increased carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 18

Hypocapnia

Back 18

Decreased carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 19

kyphosis

Back 19

exaggerated curvature of the thoracic spine; congenital anomaly or associated with injuries and osteoporosis.

Front 20

Barrel chest

Back 20

Anteroposterior diameter increased to equal the transverse diameter; chest is rounded; ribs are horizontal; sternum is pulled forward; associated with emphysema and aging

Front 21

Funnel chest

Back 21

also known as pectus excavatum;, the sternum is depressed from the second intercostal space- more pronounced with inspiration; a congenital anomaly

Front 22

Pigeon Chest

Back 22

Also known as pectus carinatum; the sternum abnormally protrudes; the ribs are sloped backward; a congenital anomaly.

Front 23

Sounds heard with Chest Wall Percussion
Flat

Back 23

high pitch, little intensity, decreased duration

Hint 23

heard during percussion of a solid area, such as a mass or pleural effusion

Front 24

Sounds heard with Chest Wall Percussion
Dull

Back 24

Medium pitch, medium intensity, medium duration

Hint 24

heard when no air or fluid is in the lung (e.g., atelectasis, lobar pneumonia)

Front 25

Sounds heard with Chest Wall Percussion
tympanic

Back 25

high pitch, loud intensity, long duration

Hint 25

normal sounds heard over stomach and bowel; abnormal sounds heard over lungs such as in a pneumothorax

Front 26

Sounds heard with Chest Wall Percussion
Resonant

Back 26

low pitch, loud intensity, long duration

Hint 26

normal lung sounds

Front 27

Sounds heard with Chest Wall Percussion
Hyperresonant

Back 27

lower pitch, very loud, longer duration

Hint 27

abnormal sounds that occur when free air exists in the thoracic cavity (e.g., emphysema, pneumothorax)