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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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spontaneous pneumothorax
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often caused by trauma, but can be secondary to TB, cancer, etc
occur often in young, slender, tall men sx: pain and difficulty breathing CXR: radiolucency [dark area] (if small, can be in a narrow area btwn chest wall and partially collapsed lung) |
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two main morphologic forms of emphysema
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panacinar: a-1 antitrypsin def
centriacinar: (enlargement of resp bronchiole) tobacco and coal dust inhalation |
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compensatory and paraseptal emphasema
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associated with scarring
usually clinically silent paraseptal can lead to spontaneous pneumothorax in young pts [adjacent to pleura] |
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most common organisms isolated from anaerobic lung abscesses
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Bacteroides, fusobacterium, peptococcus [all are oral flora]
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decrease in Hgb concentration causes proportional decrease in _____
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O2 carrying capacity of the blood [so low arterial O2 content]
O2 sat and arterial PO2 are not affected by Hgb |
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helium dilution technique is used to measure
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FRC and RV
(all other volumes are measured with spirometry) |
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_____ can be depleted by isoniazid use
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pyridoxine (vit B6)
sx: convulsions and fasciculations |
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mucolytic used for CF
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N-acetylcystine [mucomyst]
splits disulfide links btwn mucoproteins (decreases viscosity) |
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TLC
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=FRC + IC
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appearance of emphysema
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gross: greatly dilated alveoli, destruction of structural support to lymphatic vessels [heavy pigment deposition: ANTHRACOTIC]
histo: enlarged round airspaces w/ broken septae sticking into the alveoli |
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methemoglobinemia
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iron becomes ferric (3+) instead of normal ferrous (2+)
can't bind O2 properly leads to low O2 content [content has to do with Hgb!!] |
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consequences of pulmonary HTN
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medial hypertrophy, aterial fibrosis, marked narrowing of arterial lumen
predisposes to arterial thrombosis tufts of endothelial proliferations are also prominent |
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positive airway pressure
negative " " |
any volume above FRC (want to blow air out)
any volume below FRC |
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esophageal atresia
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posterior deviation of the tracheoesophageal septum
can cause secondary aspiration pneumonia |
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resp distress in lobar s. pneumo pneumonia is due to _____
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V/Q abnormalities
involved lobes have dilated vessels alveolar fluid accumulation prevents normal ventilation |
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in which region of the thorax is the thoracic duct found?
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posterior and superior mediastinum
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normal blood gas ranges for neonates
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arterial pH: 7.11 - 7.36
PO2: 8-24 pCO2: 27-40 |
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respiratory quotient
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ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed
RQ carbs: 1.0 RQ fat: 0.76 RQ protein: 0.80 *so feeding increased fat, reduced carbs, will reduce amt of carbs produced. can be used in Tx of hypercapnia and resp failure |
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exposure of an ABG to room air causes
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elevated PO2, decreased PCO2, elevated pH (due to decreased PCO2)
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Reid index
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ratio of mucus gland depth to total thickness of bronchial walls
increased in chronic bronchitis |
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form of lung cancer associated with scarring
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adenocarcinoma
(arises peripherally, ass'd with coin lesions) |
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associate squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with ______
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hypercalcemia, strong association to smoking
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Pickwickian syndrome
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morbidly obese individuals
pressure from a fatty neck causes intermittent airway obstruction =hypoventilation of peripheral origin |
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causes of hypoventilation of central origin
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morphine or barbiturates
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4 most frequent causes of ARDS
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trauma
sepsis shock gastric aspiration **formation of hyaline membranes w/in alveolar cavities |
